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Related Concept Videos

Chromosome Replication02:31

Chromosome Replication

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Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin...
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Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

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In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
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S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication02:38

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The cell cycle is a series of events leading to DNA duplication followed by the division of cell content to form two daughter cells. The cell cycle progresses in four stages—the cell increases in size (gap 1 or G1-phase), duplicates its DNA (synthesis or S-phase), prepares to divide (gap 2 or G2-phase), and divides (mitosis or M-phase).
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DNA Replication02:40

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DNA replication involves the separation of the two strands of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template from which the new complementary strand is copied.  After replication, each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or “old” strand and one “new” strand. This is known as semiconservative replication. The resulting DNA molecules have the same sequence and are divided equally into the two daughter cells.
Replication in Prokaryotes
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Replication in Prokaryotes01:32

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DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2025

Genome-wide Determination of Mammalian Replication Timing by DNA Content Measurement
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Genome-wide Determination of Mammalian Replication Timing by DNA Content Measurement

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Dynamics of replication timing during mammalian development.

Tsunetoshi Nakatani1

  • 1Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells (IES), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-81377, München, Germany.

Trends in Genetics : TIG
|March 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Low-input genomics advances the study of DNA replication timing (RT). This review explores RT

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Low-input genomics techniques have improved the analysis of DNA replication timing (RT).
  • RT is linked to gene expression, chromatin accessibility, histone modifications, and genome 3D structure.
  • The functional significance of these relationships and their impact on biological processes are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on DNA replication timing (RT).
  • To discuss RT remodeling during embryogenesis.
  • To examine RT's influence on development, differentiation, and underlying regulatory mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent analyses of replication timing data.
  • Integration of findings from studies on embryogenesis and differentiation.
Keywords:
3D genome organizationRif1embryonic developmentreplication stressreplication timing

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  • Analysis of regulatory mechanisms and factors influencing replication timing.

    • Main Results:

    • Replication timing (RT) shows correlations with various genomic features like gene expression and chromatin accessibility.
    • RT is remodeled and consolidated during embryogenesis, influencing developmental trajectories.
    • Specific regulatory mechanisms and factors are involved in controlling RT during development.

    Conclusions:

    • Recent advances facilitate deeper understanding of replication timing (RT) and its genomic associations.
    • RT plays a crucial role in embryonic development and cellular differentiation.
    • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise regulatory networks governing RT and its biological significance.