Anti-diabetic Biologicals: Exploring the Role of Different Analytical Techniques

Antidiabetic biologicals (ADBs) have revolutionized the treatment of diabetes mellitus, once considered incurable through conventional medicine. These biological products, derived from natural sources via extraction, semi-synthesis, or recombinant DNA technology, include insulin and its analogs, GLP-1 receptor agonists, amylin analogs, and the recently approved monoclonal antibody teplizumab. Regulatory authorities worldwide have established QC parameters outlined in pharmacopoeias, alongside analytical techniques to ensure their safety and efficacy. This review focuses on the analytical techniques used to assess QC parameters of ADBs, including chromatographic methods, spectroscopic techniques, capillary electrophoresis, immunoassays, and endotoxin testing. Key parameters such as identification, potency, purity, and impurity profiling are thoroughly examined. The paper provides a comprehensive and up-to-date compilation of QC requirements and methodologies, along with a detailed comparison of analytical techniques. In doing so, it highlights their advantages and limitations, offering valuable insights for researchers and regulatory professionals involved in selecting suitable methods for QC assessment and understanding the complexities of ADBs evaluation. Furthermore, the article discusses the paramount importance of QC and future perspectives, emphasizing the transition to advanced versions of current techniques driven by the need for efficiency and reliability in quality testing.