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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Cancer02:18

Cancer

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Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
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Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Updated: May 22, 2025

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

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Thyroid cancer.

Liyang Tang1, Trevor E Angell2

  • 1Assistant Professor of Clinical Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 1537 Norfolk St., Health Sciences Campus, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.

Seminars in Perinatology
|March 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Managing thyroid cancer during pregnancy involves careful risk assessment for mother and fetus. Treatment decisions, including surgery and levothyroxine therapy, prioritize both maternal health and optimal pregnancy outcomes.

Keywords:
FNAGestationPregnancyThyroid cancerThyroid noduleThyroidectomy

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Obstetrics
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Thyroid nodules are common in pregnancy, necessitating evaluation for malignancy.
  • Pregnancy presents unique challenges for managing thyroid cancer, requiring a balance between maternal and fetal well-being.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current data, recommendations, and trends in thyroid cancer care during pregnancy.
  • To outline a systematic approach for evaluating and managing thyroid nodules and cancer in pregnant patients.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical examination and serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) measurement.
  • Ultrasonographic risk stratification and fine needle aspiration biopsy for suspicious nodules.
  • Decision-making regarding surgical intervention timing (during pregnancy vs. postpartum).

Main Results:

  • Diagnosis of thyroid cancer during pregnancy requires careful consideration of surgical timing.
  • Active management of levothyroxine therapy is crucial for both cancer treatment and reproductive success.

Conclusions:

  • A systematic, individualized approach is essential for managing thyroid cancer in pregnancy.
  • Optimizing thyroid hormone levels is vital for maternal health, fetal development, and cancer management.