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Pharmacologic Treatment and Management of Coronavirus Disease 2019

Amy Hirsch Shumaker1, Adarsh Bhimraj2

  • 1Department of Pharmacy, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, OH, USA; School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, OH, USA.

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
|March 15, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Widespread vaccination and Omicron variants have lowered severe COVID-19 cases. However, high-risk patients still need individualized treatment for mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Widespread vaccination, hybrid immunity, and Omicron variant characteristics have reduced severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the general population.
  • However, specific patient groups remain at elevated risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes.
  • Current treatment guidelines for severe and critical COVID-19 have seen limited updates in recent years.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of COVID-19 treatment strategies.
  • To emphasize the need for individualized treatment approaches in mild-to-moderate COVID-19.
  • To discuss the evolving role and optimal timing of immunomodulatory agents in the Omicron era.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and clinical guidelines.
  • Analysis of data regarding immunomodulatory agents in COVID-19 management.
  • Consideration of variant-specific characteristics and population immunity.

Main Results:

  • Decreased incidence of severe COVID-19 outcomes in the general population due to vaccination and Omicron variants.
  • Identification of patient subgroups at high risk for severe disease.
  • Established guideline-directed therapy for severe/critical COVID-19, with ongoing research into immunomodulators.

Conclusions:

  • Individualized treatment is crucial for patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19, balancing benefits and harms.
  • While understanding of immunomodulatory agents has grown, their precise role and timing in the Omicron era require further clarification.
  • Continued research is necessary to refine management strategies for severe and critical COVID-19.

Keywords:
AntiviralsCOVID-19GlucocorticoidsImmunomodulatorySARS CoV-2

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