Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

1.3K
Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
1.3K
Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

2.1K
Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and...
2.1K
Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

1.8K
The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct...
1.8K
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

58.7K
The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
58.7K
Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

278
Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
278
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

146
Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
146

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Serum adipocytokine levels in patients with renal cell carcinoma.

Endokrynologia Polska·2026
Same author

Long-term toxicity of tandem radioligand therapy using [<sup>90</sup>Y]Y/[<sup>177</sup>Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE in neuroendocrine tumors: a polish multicenter experience with 20-year follow-up.

European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging·2026
Same author

BDNF and TNF-α, OCT and VF Parameters in Pituitary Macroadenoma Patients: A 12-Month Prospective Study.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same author

Treatment of hypoparathyroidism (HypoPT): Position Statement of the Expert Group for Polish Society of Endocrinology - update 2026.

Endokrynologia Polska·2026
Same author

Immunosuppressive Environment of Pancreatic NENs-A Review.

Biomedicines·2026
Same author

Lipidogram profiles in patients with Graves' and Basedow's disease with and without orbitopathy.

Endokrynologia Polska·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2025

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

23.2K

Adrenal tumours and subclinical adrenal hyperfunction.

Lucyna Siemińska1, Katarzyna Siemińska2, Bogdan Marek3

  • 1Pathophysiology Division, Department of Pathophysiology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. LSieminska@sum.edu.pl.

Endokrynologia Polska
|March 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Patients with adrenal incidentalomas often have obesity and hypertension. Subclinical adrenal hormonal hyperfunction, including mild cortisol or aldosterone excess, is common and linked to cardiovascular issues.

Keywords:
adrenal incidentalomamild autonomous cortisol secretionobesitysilent pheochromocytomasubclinical primary aldosteronism

More Related Videos

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

18.8K
Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions
04:33

Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions

Published on: March 12, 2019

8.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 22, 2025

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

23.2K
Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

18.8K
Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions
04:33

Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions

Published on: March 12, 2019

8.0K

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Adrenal incidentalomas are frequently associated with obesity, hypertension, impaired glucose metabolism, and dyslipidemia.
  • The specific role of excess adipose tissue in adrenal adenoma pathogenesis requires further investigation.
  • Existing knowledge on adrenal tumorigenesis and steroidogenesis mechanisms is being updated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on mechanisms linking excess adipose tissue to adrenal tumorigenesis and steroidogenesis.
  • To provide an overview of subclinical forms of adrenal hormonal hyperfunction.
  • To discuss recent challenges to the categorical diagnosis of hypercortisolism and primary hyperaldosteronism.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of mechanisms in adrenal tumorigenesis and steroidogenesis.
  • Analysis of recent research on subclinical adrenal hormonal hyperfunction.
  • Examination of the clinical presentation and diagnostic criteria for adrenal tumors.

Main Results:

  • Milder and subclinical forms of hypercortisolism and primary hyperaldosteronism are prevalent and linked to cardiovascular disease.
  • Mild autonomous cortisol secretion and primary aldosteronism contribute to hypertension and metabolic disturbances.
  • Pheochromocytoma exhibits variable clinical presentations, with "clinically silent" or "biochemically silent" forms described.

Conclusions:

  • Subclinical adrenal hormonal hyperfunction is common and significantly impacts cardiovascular health.
  • Adrenal incidentalomas are associated with metabolic and hypertensive comorbidities.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the role of adipose tissue in adrenal adenoma development.