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Music in the loop: a systematic review of current neurofeedback methodologies using music
Alexandre Sayal1,2,3,4, Bruno Direito1,4,5, Teresa Sousa1,4,6
1Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
Frontiers in Neuroscience
|March 17, 2025
Summary
This review explores using music-based neurofeedback for brain activity self-control. Future research should investigate music
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Psychology
- Music Therapy
Background:
- Music universally influences emotions and mood.
- Clinical neuroscience explores brain activity self-regulation.
- Music-based neurofeedback is an emerging intervention.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review music-based neurofeedback studies.
- To explore methodological aspects and findings.
- To propose future research directions in music-neurofeedback.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review of music-based neurofeedback literature.
- Analysis of studies addressing music as a stimulus, feedback integration, and outcomes.
- Identification of research gaps and limitations.
Main Results:
- Studies highlight the emotional connection between music and brain activity.
- Mechanistic explanations for music's effect in neurofeedback are lacking.
- No consensus exists on outcome measures for neurofeedback success.
Conclusions:
- Future music-neurofeedback studies should consider whole-brain correlates of music stimuli.
- Investigate interactions with target brain networks and reward mechanisms.
- Enhance understanding of music's role in self-regulating brain activity.
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