Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Culture Methods to Determine the Limit of Detection and Survival in Transport Media of Campylobacter Jejuni in Human Fecal Specimens
08:23

Culture Methods to Determine the Limit of Detection and Survival in Transport Media of Campylobacter Jejuni in Human Fecal Specimens

Published on: March 10, 2020

Cronobacter Surveillance in Minnesota, United States, 2002-2024

Joshua Rounds1, Jennifer L Dale1, Annastasia Gross1

  • 1Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease
|March 17, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Cronobacter sakazakii infections in infants are reportable in Minnesota. Surveillance data from 2002-2024 identified 23 infant cases, with Sequence Type 4 being predominant and linked to powdered infant formula contamination.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health Surveillance

Background:

  • Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen causing severe infections in neonates and infants.
  • Minnesota has monitored C. sakazakii in infants since 2003, with national notification implemented in 2024.
  • This study provides over two decades of surveillance data to inform other jurisdictions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize and analyze 20 years of reportable C. sakazakii surveillance data in Minnesota infants.
  • To characterize invasive and non-invasive C. sakazakii cases and identify common sequence types.
  • To investigate the potential link between C. sakazakii cases and powdered infant formula (PIF).

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 23 C. sakazakii cases in infants reported between 2002 and 2024.
  • Case confirmation using MALDI-TOF or conventional biochemical methods.
  • Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of clinical isolates and PIF samples for relatedness assessment.

Main Results:

  • A total of 23 infant cases (8 invasive, 15 non-invasive) were identified.
  • Invasive cases were significantly younger than non-invasive cases.
  • Sequence Type 4 (ST 4) was dominant, accounting for 65% of all cases and 88% of invasive infant cases.
  • C. sakazakii ST 4 was detected in both opened and unopened PIF samples.
  • WGS confirmed no association with recognized outbreaks, suggesting home contamination during PIF preparation.

Conclusions:

  • Powdered infant formula (PIF) is a likely source of C. sakazakii infections in infants.
  • Home preparation practices and caregiver education are critical for preventing C. sakazakii infections.
  • Long-term surveillance data is valuable for understanding and controlling this pathogen.
Keywords:
Cronobacterinfantssurveillance

More Related Videos

Swabbing the Urban Environment - A Pipeline for Sampling and Detection of SARS-CoV-2 From Environmental Reservoirs07:13

Swabbing the Urban Environment - A Pipeline for Sampling and Detection of SARS-CoV-2 From Environmental Reservoirs

Published on: April 9, 2021

Detection and Isolation of Campylobacter spp. from Raw Meat05:34

Detection and Isolation of Campylobacter spp. from Raw Meat

Published on: February 23, 2024

Related Concept Videos

Principles of Disease Surveillance01:26

Principles of Disease Surveillance

Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
Investigation of Disease Outbreaks01:23

Investigation of Disease Outbreaks

Multistate foodborne outbreaks pose significant public health risks and require meticulous investigation to identify sources and implement control measures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) utilizes a dynamic seven-step process for these investigations, integrating data from laboratories, interviews, and environmental assessments to protect public health.Outbreak Detection: The detection of multistate outbreaks typically begins with PulseNet, the CDC's national laboratory...
Automated Microbial Diagnostics01:24

Automated Microbial Diagnostics

Automated diagnostic analyzers have transformed clinical microbiology by providing rapid and reliable methods for pathogen identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Among these systems, the Vitek 2 is widely used because it automates the traditionally labor-intensive processes of microbial identification (ID) and antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST), delivering standardized and timely results that are essential for effective patient care.Microbial Identification with ID CardsThe...