Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment

Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment

Constructing a roadway embankment over uneven terrain requires precise leveling to ensure stability and proper drainage. Surveyors use a leveling instrument and staff to calculate ground elevations and determine the required fill material at each point along the embankment alignment.The process begins by positioning a leveling instrument near a benchmark with a known elevation. A backsight reading establishes the instrument height, which serves as a reference for subsequent measurements. A...

Leveling Equipment

Leveling Equipment

As leveling involves measuring vertical distances relative to a horizontal line of sight, it requires a graduated rod, called a level rod, for vertical measurements and an instrument called a level for a horizontal sight line. A level includes a high-powered telescope with a mechanism for leveling to ensure the line of sight is horizontal when the bubble in the spirit level is centered. Leveling rods, made of wood, metal, or fiberglass, are graduated in feet or meters and commonly used in two-...

Differential Leveling

Differential Leveling

Differential leveling is a precise method in surveying used to determine the elevation difference between two points. Its primary goal is to establish accurate vertical measurements to create level surfaces or grade lines critical for designing and constructing infrastructures such as roads, bridges, and buildings.The procedure for differential leveling begins with setting up and leveling the instrument at a point where the benchmark can be seen. The level rod is held on the benchmark (BM), and...

$Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling$ 01:26

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance.

Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors

Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors

A survey team is tasked with determining the elevation difference between points Point A and Point B, separated by uneven terrain. They use a leveling instrument and a leveling rod.Common MistakesMisreading the Rod: During a backsight reading at Point A, the instrumentman observes the rod partially obscured by tall grass. Instead of reading 1.135 m, they mistakenly record 1.735 m due to the misalignment of the crosshair with the wrong graduation. This error adds 0.600 m to all subsequent...

Design Example: Identifying the Locations of Monuments in the Field Using Global Positioning System Device

Design Example: Identifying the Locations of Monuments in the Field Using Global Positioning System Device

Surveyors use Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to measure the precise location and elevation of points on Earth. In a recent survey, GPS receivers were used to determine the coordinates and elevations of two park monuments. The process involved careful mission planning, data collection, and correction to ensure accuracy. The survey began with mission planning to identify optimal satellite visibility and minimize Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP). A geodetic control point...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Preparation and Application of Sodium Alginate-Based Composite Hydrogels in Wound Dressings.

Gels (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same author

Porphyrin oriented bimetallic sonodynamic MOF for enhanced ferroptosis and cGAS-STING pathway mediated antitumor immunotherapy.

Journal of nanobiotechnology·2026

Same author

Biowaiver Monographs for Immediate-Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Meloxicam.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same author

<i>Acanthopanax senticosus</i> Saponins Mitigate Left Ventricular Remodelling and Inhibit the Induction of MMP-2, MMP-9 in a Rat Model of Myocardial Infarction.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026

Same author

ZIF-8 Hydrogel-Mediated Regulation of Macrophage Phenotype Accelerates Frostbite Wound Healing.

Biomedicines·2026

Same author

An Improved Cubature Kalman Filter for GNSS-Denied and System-Noise-Varying INS/GNSS Navigation.

Micromachines·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2025

Application of Design Aspects in Uniaxial Loading Machine Development

Application of Design Aspects in Uniaxial Loading Machine Development

Published on: September 19, 2018

Design and Test of Adaptive Leveling System for Orchard Operation Platform.

Jianpeng Guo^1,2, Zemin Lu^1,2, Bingbo Cui^1,2

¹Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Jiangsu University, Ministry of Education, Zhenjiang 212013, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|March 17, 2025

Summary

This study presents an adaptive leveling system for orchard platforms using an inertial measurement unit (IMU). The system ensures stable platform attitude, improving safety and efficiency in agricultural operations.

Keywords:

adaptive leveling fuzzy PID orchard operation platform

More Related Videos

A Vibrotactile Feedback Device for Seated Balance Assessment and Training

A Vibrotactile Feedback Device for Seated Balance Assessment and Training

Published on: January 20, 2019

An Instrumented Pull Test to Characterize Postural Responses

An Instrumented Pull Test to Characterize Postural Responses

Published on: April 6, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 21, 2025

Application of Design Aspects in Uniaxial Loading Machine Development

Application of Design Aspects in Uniaxial Loading Machine Development

Published on: September 19, 2018

A Vibrotactile Feedback Device for Seated Balance Assessment and Training

A Vibrotactile Feedback Device for Seated Balance Assessment and Training

Published on: January 20, 2019

An Instrumented Pull Test to Characterize Postural Responses

An Instrumented Pull Test to Characterize Postural Responses

Published on: April 6, 2019

Area of Science:

Agricultural Engineering
Robotics
Control Systems

Background:

Orchard operation platforms face tilting and overturning risks on uneven terrain.
Instantaneous leveling is crucial for safe and efficient platform operation.

Purpose of the Study:

To design an adaptive leveling system for orchard operation platforms.
To analyze the factors affecting the leveling mechanism's angle adjustment.

Main Methods:

Simplified the platform to a four-point leveling mechanism.
Designed an adaptive leveling system utilizing an inertial measurement unit (IMU).
Employed co-simulation with MATLAB and ADAMS, incorporating PID and fuzzy control strategies.

Main Results:

The platform's attitude angle remained stable within ±1.5°.
Achieved an average leveling time of 3.6 seconds.
Fuzzy PID control reduced dynamic leveling inclination to 1.6° (±0.8° std dev) compared to 2.6° (±1.4° std dev) for PID control.

Conclusions:

The developed adaptive leveling system effectively stabilizes orchard platforms.
The system aligns with the trend of intelligent and electrified agricultural machinery.
Provides a valuable reference for agricultural machinery manufacturers.