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Stereoisomers02:32

Stereoisomers

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On the basis of mirror symmetry, stereoisomers of an organic molecule can be further classified into diastereomers and enantiomers. Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other. Substituted alkenes, such as the cis and trans isomers of 2-butene, are diastereomers, as these molecules exhibit different spatial orientations of their constituent atoms, are not mirror images of each other, and do not interconvert. Here, the interconversion is suppressed due to...
12.4K
¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

991
When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
991
Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

7.4K
Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
7.4K
¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Enantiotopic and Diastereotopic Protons00:58

¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Enantiotopic and Diastereotopic Protons

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Replacing each alpha-hydrogen in chloroethane by bromine (or a different functional group) yields a pair of enantiomers. Such protons are called prochiral or enantiotopic and are related by a mirror plane. Enantiotopic protons are chemically equivalent in an achiral environment. Because most proton NMR spectra are recorded using achiral solvents, enantiotopic hydrogens yield a single signal.
In chiral compounds such as 2-butanol, replacing the methylene hydrogens at C3 produces a pair of...
1.4K
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

991
The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2025

3D Scanning Technology Bridging Microcircuits and Macroscale Brain Images in 3D Novel Embedding Overlapping Protocol
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3D Scanning Technology Bridging Microcircuits and Macroscale Brain Images in 3D Novel Embedding Overlapping Protocol

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A Two-Phase Embedding Approach for Secure Distributed Steganography.

Kamil Woźniak1, Marek R Ogiela1, Lidia Ogiela2

  • 1Cryptography and Cognitive Informatics Laboratory, AGH University of Krakow, 30 Mickiewicza Avenue, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a novel distributed steganography algorithm using Shamir's Secret Sharing for enhanced secure communication. The method improves resilience and reduces complexity, ensuring high-quality hidden data transmission.

Keywords:
cybersecuritydistributed steganographysecret hidingsecret sharing

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Information Security
  • Cryptography

Background:

  • Traditional steganography methods lack resilience and efficiency.
  • Distributed steganography enhances security but increases complexity.
  • Secure communication requires robust and practical information concealment techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce a novel two-phase embedding algorithm for distributed steganography.
  • Mitigate complexity issues in distributed steganography.
  • Enhance both security and practicality in information concealment.

Main Methods:

  • Utilize Shamir's Secret Sharing to divide secret messages into shares.
  • Embed shares into distinct media containers using pseudo-random LSB paths.
  • Implement a two-phase embedding process with internal and shared stego keys for layered security.

Main Results:

  • High-quality stego images maintained, with Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) evaluations.
  • Effective embedding up to 0.95 bits per pixel (bpp) without significant quality degradation.
  • Stealthiness confirmed by advanced steganalysis tools (StegoExpose, Aletheia) with zero detections.

Conclusions:

  • The novel algorithm offers a secure and efficient advancement in distributed steganography.
  • Reduced key management complexity and enhanced resilience against steganalytic attacks.
  • Facilitates resilient information concealment in sophisticated communication environments.