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Hardware Acceleration-Based Privacy-Aware Authentication Scheme for Internet of Vehicles Using Physical Unclonable

Ujunwa Madububa Mbachu1, Rabeea Fatima1, Ahmed Sherif1

  • 1School of Computing Sciences and Computer Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a secure authentication method for autonomous vehicles in the Internet of Vehicles using physical unclonable functions and KNN encryption. The hardware-accelerated scheme enhances privacy and security against cyber-attacks with minimal resource usage.

Keywords:
Internet of Vehicles (IoV)authenticationautonomous vehicles (AVs)physical unclonable function

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Cybersecurity
  • Transportation Engineering

Background:

  • Smart cities leverage the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) for advanced urban management and transportation efficiency.
  • The IoV enables wireless communication for traffic data exchange, enhancing safety but raising user privacy concerns.
  • Authentication of autonomous vehicles (AVs) is critical for secure IoV operations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose an innovative privacy-preserving authentication scheme for AVs within the IoV framework.
  • To enhance security against cyber-attacks like identity fraud and man-in-the-middle attacks.
  • To evaluate the scheme's performance, security, and hardware resource utilization.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a novel authentication scheme using physical unclonable functions (PUFs) for secure key generation.
  • Integrated the k-nearest neighbor (KNN) encryption technique with multi-multi searching capabilities.
  • Implemented the scheme using hardware acceleration on a Nexys A7-100T FPGA board for efficient processing.

Main Results:

  • The proposed scheme effectively authenticates AVs while preserving user privacy and protecting against cyber threats.
  • Encryption time increases non-linearly with AV ID size (5μs to 39μs for 100-800 bits).
  • Search time increases linearly with AV ID size (under 1μs to 8μs for 100-800 bits) with minimal hardware resource utilization (e.g., 25% DSP, 22.2% BRAM).

Conclusions:

  • The PUF-based authentication scheme offers a robust, privacy-preserving solution for IoV systems.
  • The hardware acceleration ensures efficient performance with low communication and computational overhead.
  • The scheme successfully balances security, privacy, and resource efficiency for autonomous vehicle authentication.