Ouratein D, a Biflavanone From Ouratea spectabilis, Alleviates Betacoronavirus Infection by Mitigating Inflammation,...

Severe coronavirus outbreaks, including SARS, MERS, and COVID-19, have underscored the urgent need for effective antiviral therapies. This study evaluated the antiviral activity of biflavanones isolated from Ouratea spectabilis-specifically ouratein (Our-) A, B, C, and D-against murine hepatitis virus (MHV-3) and human SARS-CoV-2. Cells infected with MHV-3 or SARS-CoV-2 were treated with ourateins, and viral replication was assessed using plaque assays. Mice infected with MHV-3 were treated with Our-D either orally or intraperitoneally. Key assessments included leukocyte counts, cytokine and chemokine levels, histological analysis, and survival rates. The mechanism of action was explored through in silico and in vitro studies focused on the binding and inhibition of the main protease (M^pro). Our-D significantly inhibited the replication of both viruses, with a selective index of 2.5 for MHV-3 and 14.9 for SARS-CoV-2. In vivo, Our-D reduced leukocyte infiltration in the lungs, decreased CCL2 levels, increased IL-10, and lowered plasma IL-6 and CXCL1 levels. Additionally, Our-D mitigated lung damage, partially restored betacoronavirus-induced lymphopenia, and reduced viral loads in the lungs, heart, and spleen, ultimately improving survival in mice. In silico studies revealed that Our-A and Our-C had strong binding affinity for M^pro, and both significantly inhibited M^pro activity in vitro, unlike Our-D. Our-D protected mice from coronavirus infection by modulating the inflammatory response and reducing viral loads, with minimal effect on M^pro inhibition, suggesting alternative mechanisms for its antiviral activity.