Ceramic-carbon Janus membrane for robust solar-thermal desalination

The desalination performance of conventional distillation membranes is limited by insufficient stability and energy efficiency, impeding their application in sustainable water production. Herein, we report a ceramic-carbon Janus membrane with solar-thermal functionality for enhanced desalination performance, energy efficiency, and stability for hypersaline water treatment. The feed and permeate sides of this Janus membrane are designed with different properties such as wettability, conductivity, and solar-thermal conversion to enhance performance. We demonstrate that this membrane exhibits higher solar-thermal efficiency (66.8-68.8%) and water flux (3.3-5.1 L m^-2 h^-1) than most existing polymeric solar-thermal distillation membranes. Simulation results ascribe enhanced performance to an increased membrane surface temperature, which mitigates temperature polarization and attenuation, thus enhancing the desalination driving force. The nano-carbon membrane surface accelerates water evaporation by inducing a transition from free water to intermediate water with decreased hydrogen bonding and a lower evaporation energy barrier. Water vapor molecules transport through the membrane pores by a combined mechanism of Knudsen diffusion and viscous flow. Even for seawater and hypersaline water, the membrane exhibits stable water flux and salt rejection due to its scaling-resistant surface and stable interfacial temperature. This work provides a strategy for rationally designing next-generation Janus membranes for sustainable water purification.