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Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) Syndrome: A Case-Based Narrative Review
Aamir Javaid1, Essa Hariri1, Bige Ozkan1
1Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md.
Abstract:
These 4 hypothetical cases highlight new features of the American Heart Association cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) health construct. The cases incorporate the CKM staging system, estimates from the PREVENT risk calculator, and clinical approaches related to CKM stages and individual risk profiles. Topics include management considerations for (1) a patient with stage 1 obesity and impaired glucose tolerance, (2) a patient with metabolic risk factors and moderate-risk chronic kidney disease (CKD), (3) a patient with subclinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and multiple comorbid conditions, and (4) a patient with metabolic risk factors, prior myocardial infarction, new-onset heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and CKD.
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