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Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) Syndrome: A Case-Based Narrative Review

Aamir Javaid1, Essa Hariri1, Bige Ozkan1

  • 1Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md.

American Journal of Medicine Open
|March 19, 2025
PubMed

Insights

This study introduces the American Heart Association cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) health construct using 4 hypothetical cases. It demonstrates applying the CKM staging system and PREVENT risk calculator for personalized patient management.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Nephrology
  • Metabolic Health

Background:

  • The American Heart Association developed the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) health construct.
  • Integrating CKM into clinical practice requires practical application examples.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To illustrate the application of the CKM health construct in diverse clinical scenarios.
  • To demonstrate the use of the CKM staging system and PREVENT risk calculator.
  • To explore clinical management strategies tailored to CKM stages and individual risk profiles.

Main Methods:

  • Presentation of 4 distinct hypothetical patient cases.
  • Application of the CKM staging system to each case.
  • Utilization of the PREVENT risk calculator for risk assessment.
  • Discussion of clinical management considerations based on CKM stages and risk.

Main Results:

  • Case 1: Management of stage 1 obesity and impaired glucose tolerance within the CKM framework.
  • Case 2: Addressing metabolic risk factors and moderate-risk chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  • Case 3: Navigating subclinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease with comorbidities.
  • Case 4: Comprehensive management of complex conditions including prior myocardial infarction, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and CKD.

Conclusions:

  • The CKM construct provides a novel framework for assessing and managing cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic health.
  • Integrating risk calculators and staging systems enhances personalized patient care.
  • These cases highlight the adaptability of the CKM approach across a spectrum of clinical presentations.

Keywords:
CardiologyNephrologyPrevention

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