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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
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Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management01:20

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Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
Asthma is classified as allergic and non-allergic. Allergens such as dust mites, pollen, and pet dander trigger allergic asthma, while factors like cold air, intense emotions, or exercise can induce non-allergic asthma.
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Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification01:26

Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification

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Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition marked by inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of the airways. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among inflammatory pathways, immune responses, and neural mechanisms.
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Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

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The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
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COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features01:20

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
The primary cause for the onset of COPD is cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution. These hazardous factors initiate a chain reaction within the lungs, resulting in chronic inflammation, damage to the airways, and a...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

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Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
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Long COVID: emerging pathophysiological mechanisms.

Michael R Mueller1, Ravindra Ganesh2, Thomas J Beckman2

  • 1Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA - mueller.michael@mayo.edu.

Minerva Medica
|March 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Post-COVID conditions, or long COVID, involve diverse symptoms like fatigue and brain fog persisting after infection. Understanding the varied causes and potential treatments for long COVID is crucial for patient recovery.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Post-COVID conditions (long COVID) represent a complex, heterogeneous set of symptoms persisting over 28 days post-infection.
  • These conditions significantly contribute to global morbidity and functional limitations, impacting millions worldwide.
  • The underlying pathophysiology and effective treatments for long COVID remain largely undefined.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a conceptual framework for evaluating the diverse symptoms associated with long COVID.
  • To review the evidence supporting proposed pathophysiologic mechanisms driving long COVID.
  • To discuss potential therapeutic strategies for long COVID based on mechanistic plausibility.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of proposed pathophysiologic mechanisms for long COVID.
  • Conceptual framework development for symptom evaluation in long COVID patients.
  • Analysis of evidence linking proposed mechanisms to clinical manifestations.

Main Results:

  • Multiple pathophysiologic pathways are implicated in long COVID, including neuroinflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and autonomic dysfunction.
  • Patient presentations vary, with contributions from different mechanisms differing individually.
  • No FDA-approved therapies currently exist for long COVID.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of long COVID requires considering multiple, potentially overlapping pathophysiologic drivers.
  • A structured evaluation framework is proposed to guide the assessment of long COVID symptoms.
  • Mechanistically plausible therapies show promise, warranting further investigation for long COVID treatment.