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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2025

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

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Published on: August 2, 2019

Cooper-pair density modulation state in an iron-based superconductor.

Lingyuan Kong^1,2, Michał Papaj^3,4, Hyunjin Kim^5,6,7

¹T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA. lykong@caltech.edu.

|March 20, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered a new superconducting state called pair density modulation (PDM) in iron-based superconductors. This state preserves lattice translation, unlike previous density-wave orders, and offers new insights into complex electronic systems.

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Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Materials Science
Quantum Materials

Background:

Superconducting states can break crystal space-group symmetries, leading to density-wave orders with long wavelengths.
A distinct type of modulation, pair density modulation (PDM), preserving lattice translation by breaking intra-unit-cell symmetries, has been theoretically proposed but experimentally elusive.

Purpose of the Study:

To report the first experimental observation of a pair density modulation (PDM) state.
To investigate the characteristics and origin of PDM in iron-based superconductors.

Main Methods:

Utilized scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) to probe the electronic properties of exfoliated thin flakes of FeTe$_{0.55}$Se$_{0.45}$.
Performed model calculations to support experimental findings and elucidate the underlying physics.

Main Results:

Observed robust superconducting gap modulation with a wavelength matching the lattice periodicity in FeTe$_{0.55}$Se$_{0.45}$ thin flakes.
The amplitude of the gap modulation exceeded 30% of the average superconducting gap.
The PDM state was found to originate from differences in superconducting gaps between iron sublattices, coupled with nematic distortion in thin flakes.

Conclusions:

Established the first experimental evidence for pair density modulation (PDM) in a superconducting material.
Demonstrated that PDM arises from sublattice symmetry breaking and nematicity, distinct from density-wave orders.
Opened new avenues for exploring intertwined orders in strongly correlated electronic systems and advanced the understanding of iron-based superconductors.