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Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities

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Heteroatom-Substituted Reflashed Graphene.

Phelecia Scotland^1,2, Lucas Eddy^2,3, Jinhang Chen²

¹Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.

|March 21, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a modified flash Joule heating method to create heteroatom-doped graphene with high substitution levels. The resulting nitrogen-doped graphene enhances battery anode performance and stability.

Keywords:

doped graphene flash Joule heating graphene nitrogen reflashed graphene

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Electrochemistry

Background:

Flash Joule heating is a scalable method for producing graphene and doped graphene.
Current methods for producing doped graphene via flash Joule heating have limitations in heteroatom incorporation.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a modified flash Joule heating technique for enhanced heteroatom substitution in graphene.
To demonstrate the incorporation of various heteroatoms (N, S, P, F) and multiheteroatom substitution.
To evaluate the performance of heteroatom-doped graphene in battery anodes.

Main Methods:

Reflashing pre-formed graphene in the presence of heteroatom-donating compounds.
Utilizing lower temperatures compared to previous flash Joule heating methods for doping.
Characterizing the substituted graphene using various analytical techniques.
Fabricating and testing battery anodes using the synthesized doped graphene.

Main Results:

Achieved up to 18 atom % heteroatom substitution in the graphene lattice.
Successfully demonstrated nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and fluorine atom substitution, as well as multiheteroatom doping.
Nitrogen-substituted reflashed graphene anodes showed improved performance and stability in batteries compared to unsubstituted graphene.

Conclusions:

The modified flash Joule heating technique enables efficient and high-level heteroatom doping of graphene.
The synthesized heteroatom-doped graphene shows promise for advanced energy storage applications, particularly in battery anodes.
This method offers a scalable route to producing functionalized graphene materials with tailored properties.