Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
Types of Reversible Electrodes01:24

Types of Reversible Electrodes

For electrode reversibility to be maintained, all the reactants and products involved in the half-reaction must be present at the electrode. There are several types of reversible electrodes (half-cells).In metal-metal-ion electrodes, a metal balances electrochemically with a solution of its own ions. Examples are Cu2+|Cu and Zn2+|Zn. Metals that react with the solvent, like group 1 and most group 2 metals, which react with water, and zinc, which reacts with aqueous acidic solutions, cannot be...
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.
Electrochemical Systems01:24

Electrochemical Systems

Electrochemical systems provide a fascinating insight into the dynamic interplay of charged species within various phases. One notable example is the interaction between a membrane permeable to K⁺ ions but not to Cl⁻ ions, separating an aqueous KCl solution from pure water. As K⁺ ions diffuse through the membrane, they generate net charges on each phase, leading to a potential difference between them.Similarly, when a piece of Zn is immersed in an aqueous ZnSO₄ solution, the Zn metal, composed...
Electrolysis03:00

Electrolysis

In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...
Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of fuzuloparib in combination with abiraterone acetate and prednisone in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: a phase 1 dose escalation and expansion study.

BMC cancer·2026
Same author

A cohort study of obese patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis using biological medicines in Catalonia, Spain.

Dermatology reports·2026
Same author

Side-Chain-Based Cross-Linking of Amorphous Iono-Electronic Conductive Polymers for Thermo-Chemical Stability in Electrochemical Devices.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026
Same author

Operando identification of anion effect on lithium nucleation and growth via in situ transmission electron microscopy.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Haploidentical transplant, gene therapy, and standard care in sickle cell disease: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

Blood·2026
Same author

Barriers to effective first-line treatment for women with iron deficiency.

Expert review of hematology·2026
Same journal

On-Cell Detection of Polysaccharide One-Bond <sup>1</sup>J<sub>CH</sub> Couplings by Proton-Detected Solid-State NMR.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same journal

Correction to "Unraveling the Effects of Fe Incorporation on High-Performance Water-Splitting Photoanodes".

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same journal

Proximity-Driven Protein Ligation Beyond the Concentration Limit.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same journal

GraPhAI: Neural Networks for Solving Centrosymmetric Crystal Structures.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same journal

Probing Stage Transition Kinetics in Li-Graphite Intercalation Compounds by Time-Resolved In Situ Solid-State NMR via <sup>13</sup>C Labeling.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same journal

Dynamic Covalent Programming at DNA Base-Pairing Interfaces.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
10:03

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

Published on: November 11, 2013

Increasingly Reversible Na/Cl2 and Li/Cl2 Batteries.

Guanzhou Zhu1, Hongbin Xu2,3, Shuo Wang4

  • 1Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|June 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed novel sodium/chlorine and lithium/chlorine batteries using cobalt polyphthalocyanine electrodes. These high-energy-density batteries demonstrate stable cycling exceeding initial capacity, paving the way for advanced energy storage solutions.

More Related Videos

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
05:33

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

Published on: August 12, 2013

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
11:04

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
10:03

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

Published on: November 11, 2013

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
05:33

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

Published on: August 12, 2013

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
11:04

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Sodium/chlorine and lithium/chlorine batteries offer high voltage and capacity.
  • Developing high-energy-density batteries is crucial for real-world applications.
  • Existing chlorine battery technologies face challenges in stability and efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate cobalt polyphthalocyanine as a positive electrode material for sodium/chlorine and lithium/chlorine batteries.
  • To achieve stable cycling capacity exceeding the first discharge capacity in chlorine batteries.
  • To elucidate the electrochemical mechanisms governing the performance of these novel battery systems.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of cobalt polyphthalocyanine on multiwalled carbon nanotubes.
  • Electrochemical characterization including cycling tests and impedance spectroscopy.
  • Theoretical calculations and various analytical techniques (e.g., X-ray diffraction, spectroscopy) to understand reaction mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Cobalt polyphthalocyanine enables stable cycling capacity exceeding the first discharge capacity in chlorine batteries.
  • Facilitates formation of electrochemically active submicron-sized sodium chloride crystals.
  • Enhances chlorine/chloride redox reversibility through cobalt-chlorine and sodium-nitrogen bond formation.
  • Acts as an effective storage medium for chlorine during charging.
  • Demonstrated tunability by varying metal center (Co to Fe) and carbon substrate (MWCNT to graphite).
  • Achieved a sodium/chlorine battery with an energy density of ~150 Wh kg⁻¹ or ~325 Wh L⁻¹ operating with minimal electrolyte.

Conclusions:

  • Cobalt polyphthalocyanine is a promising electrode material for high-performance sodium/chlorine and lithium/chlorine batteries.
  • The material enhances electrochemical activity, redox reversibility, and chlorine storage.
  • These advancements enable the development of high-energy-density chlorine batteries with reduced electrolyte requirements.