Coxiella R1 symbiont regulates the Asian long-horned tick on its reproduction and development

The Asian long-horned tick Haemaphysalis longicornis, is a hematophagous ectoparasite that causes important public and veterinary health concerns. Different species of ticks harbor a symbiont bacterium of the genus Coxiella. A Coxiella sp. bacterial endosymbiont was highly prevalent in laboratory-reared H. longicornis. The endosymbiont sequence was 100 % identical to those of H. longicornis Coxiella-like endosymbionts and thus named Coxiella R1 in the present study. Coxiella R1 was detected in all stages of tick and in greatest numbers in nymphs and unfed adult females. We manipulated the numbers of Coxiella R1 in ticks by injecting engorged females or capillary tube feeding of flat females with tetracycline. Both of the administration routes were efficient in reducing the symbiont densities. Microinjection of tetracycline solution reduced 25.53 % of Coxiella R1 in eggs harvested just before hatching, whereas, the reduction rate for capillary tube feeding climbed to 81.70 %. Ticks with Coxiella R1 suppression laid abnormal eggs which were wrinkled, flat, and black, and linked each other to form a line. Ticks that had been treated with tetracycline had lower hatching rates in comparison to controls. In addition, larvae with tetracycline treatment less infested hosts and thus had lower engorgement rates than ticks that received PBS alone. The findings indicate that Coxiella R1 is a primary and obligate endosymbiont, and capable of modulating the obligately hematophagous parasites in egg laying and hatching, and larva blood feeding. The results also suggest that tetracycline treatment could be added to an integrated pest management tool menu for control of the Asian long-horned ticks.