Two-dimensional nanozyme nanoarchitectonics customized electrochemical bio diagnostics and lab-on-chip devices for...

Recent developments in nanomaterials and nanotechnology have advanced biosensing research. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials or nanozymes, such as metal oxides, graphene and its derivatives, transition metal dichalcogenides, metal-organic frameworks, carbon-organic frameworks and MXenes, have garnered substantial attention in recent years owing to their unique properties, including high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and mechanical flexibility. Moreover, 2D nanozymes exhibit intrinsic enzyme-mimicking properties, including those of peroxidase, oxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase, making them well-suited for detecting biomarkers of interest and developing bio diagnostics at the point-of-care. Since 2D nanosystems offer ultra-high sensitivity, label-free detection, and real-time analysis, point-of-care testing and multiplexed biomarker detection, the demand is growing. Additionally, their biocompatibility and scalable fabrication make them cost-effective for widespread adoption. This review discusses the advantages of 2D nanozymes and their recent advancements in biosensing applications. This review summarizes the latest developments in 2D nanozymes, focusing on their synthesis, biocatalytic capabilities, and advancements in developing bio diagnostics and lab-on-chip devices for detecting cancer and non-cancer biomarkers. In addition, existing challenges and prospects in 2D nanozyme-based biosensors are identified, highlighting their biosensing potential and advocating for their expanded application in bio diagnostics and lab-on-chip devices.