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Related Concept Videos

Lossless Lines01:23

Lossless Lines

100
In electrical engineering, a lossless transmission line is characterized by a purely imaginary propagation constant and a resistive characteristic impedance. The ABCD parameters, which describe the relationship between the input and output voltages and currents, indicate an equivalent π circuit with an imaginary series impedance and a shunt admittance. This results in a transmission line that, when the product of the phase constant (beta) and the length of the line is less than pi,...
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Block Diagram Reduction01:22

Block Diagram Reduction

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The process of deriving the transfer function of a control system often involves reducing its block diagram to a single block. This simplification can be achieved through a series of strategic operations, including relocating branch points and comparators. These operations preserve the overall function of the system while allowing for easier manipulation and combination of blocks.
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Since the discovery of the two BER pathways, there has been a debate about how a cell chooses one pathway over the other and the factors determining this selection. Numerous in vitro experiments have pointed out multiple determinants for the sub-pathway selection. These are:
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Boundary Conditions: Lossless Lines01:21

Boundary Conditions: Lossless Lines

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Consider a single-phase, two-wire, lossless transmission line terminated by an impedance at the receiving end and a source with Thevenin voltage and impedance at the sending end. The line, with length, has a surge impedance and wave velocity determined by the line's inductance and capacitance.
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Bewley Lattice Diagram01:12

Bewley Lattice Diagram

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The Bewley lattice diagram, developed by L. V. Bewley, effectively organizes the reflections occurring during transmission-line transients. It visually represents how voltage waves propagate and reflect within a transmission line, making it easier to understand the complex interactions that occur.
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Fault Types01:18

Fault Types

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When analyzing a single line-to-ground fault from phase A to ground at a three-phase bus, it is important to consider the fault impedance. This impedance is zero for a bolted fault, equal to the arc impedance for an arcing fault, and represents the total fault impedance for a transmission-line insulator flashover. To derive sequence and phase currents, fault conditions are translated from the phase domain to the sequence domain.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2025

Benefits of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in an Asynchronous Heart Failure Model Induced by Left Bundle Branch Ablation and Rapid Pacing
12:45

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Checking Ablation Lines-Is Bidirectional Block Sufficient?

Sebastian Weyand1, Stephanie Löbig1, Peter Seizer1

  • 1Medizinische Klinik II-Kardiologie und Angiologie, Ostalb-Klinikum Aalen, Aalen, Germany.

The Journal of Innovations in Cardiac Rhythm Management
|March 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Repeat ablation for atypical atrial flutter requires careful assessment. Confirming bidirectional block alone may miss gaps, necessitating arrhythmia induction and mapping for effective treatment.

Keywords:
Ablation line gapsatypical atrial flutterbidirectional blockdifferential pacing maneuversslow conduction

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Area of Science:

  • Electrophysiology
  • Cardiac Arrhythmias
  • Catheter Ablation

Background:

  • Recurrent atypical atrial flutter after complex ablation procedures poses a clinical challenge.
  • Previous ablation included pulmonary vein isolation, anterior mitral line, and posterior box creation.

Observation:

  • High-density mapping identified left superior pulmonary vein reconnection, successfully re-isolated.
  • Bidirectional block of the anterior mitral line was confirmed by local activation time (LAT) mapping.
  • Despite confirmed block, burst stimulation induced atrial flutter, indicating a potential gap.

Findings:

  • Further LAT mapping during induced flutter revealed slow conduction through a gap in the anterior mitral line.
  • Targeted ablation at the identified gap successfully restored sinus rhythm.
  • The arrhythmia was no longer inducible after the targeted ablation.

Implications:

  • Bidirectional block confirmation during catheter ablation may not detect all critical gaps, especially those with slow conduction.
  • Arrhythmia induction and mapping are crucial for reliably identifying and treating residual gaps in atrial flutter ablation.
  • This case emphasizes a comprehensive approach to ensure procedural success in complex atrial flutter ablation.