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Auditory localization of multiple stationary electric vehicles
Leon Müller1, Jens Forssén1, Wolfgang Kropp1
1Division of Applied Acoustics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden.
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|March 24, 2025
Summary
Electric vehicle acoustic vehicle alerting systems (AVAS) are crucial for safety, but current designs may hinder localization. This study reveals that some AVAS sounds are harder to pinpoint than others, especially in multi-vehicle situations.
Area of Science:
- Acoustics
- Human-Computer Interaction
- Automotive Safety
Background:
- Electric vehicles (EVs) require acoustic vehicle alerting systems (AVAS) for pedestrian safety at low speeds.
- Current AVAS regulations are based on single-vehicle detection, not localization accuracy in complex scenarios.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the localization accuracy and time for different AVAS sound types.
- To compare AVAS sound localization against combustion engine noise in single- and multi-vehicle scenarios.
Main Methods:
- A listening experiment with 52 participants using a 24-loudspeaker array.
- Comparison of localization for combustion engine noise, two-tone AVAS, multi-tone AVAS, and narrowband noise AVAS.
- Evaluation of static single- and multiple-vehicle sound scenarios.
Main Results:
- Sound type significantly impacts localization accuracy and time (p<0.001).
- Two-tone AVAS showed significantly worse localization, particularly with multiple simultaneous vehicles.
- Multi-tone and noise AVAS performed worse than combustion noise in multi-vehicle scenarios.
- Localization failure rates increased dramatically for all AVAS in multi-vehicle conditions.
Conclusions:
- AVAS sound design needs to consider localization, not just detection.
- Current AVAS may not be optimally designed for complex urban environments with multiple sound sources.
- Further research is needed to improve AVAS localization performance for enhanced safety.
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