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Highly sensitive cancer detection using an open D-channel PCF-based SPR biosensor.

Mahla Ashrafian¹, Saeed Olyaee^2,3, Mahmood Seifouri⁴

¹Nano-Photonics and Optoelectronics Research Laboratory (NORLab), Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, 16788-15811, Iran.

Scientific Reports

|March 25, 2025

Summary

This study introduces a novel photonic crystal fiber biosensor for label-free cancer cell detection using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The advanced design enhances sensitivity and performance for early disease diagnosis.

Keywords:

Biosensor Cancerous cells Microchannel Photonic crystal fiber (PCF)Surface plasmon resonance (SPR)

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Area of Science:

Photonics and Biosensing
Nanomaterials for Chemical Sensing

Background:

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a label-free technique for detecting biological analytes, including cancer cells.
Existing SPR biosensors face limitations in sensitivity and structural robustness.

Purpose of the Study:

To design and numerically analyze a novel photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based SPR biosensor for enhanced cancer cell detection.
To investigate the sensor's performance for detecting molecules within a specific refractive index (RI) range relevant to cancer cells.

Main Methods:

A D-channel PCF was designed with a gold (Au) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) plasmonic layer.
Numerical analysis was performed using the finite element method (FEM) with perfectly matched layers (PML) in COMSOL Multiphysics.
The sensor's sensitivity was evaluated for RI variations from 1.36 to 1.401, corresponding to six cancer cell types.

Main Results:

The proposed PCF-SPR sensor achieved a peak spectral sensitivity of 47,000 nm/RIU.
For MCF-7 and HeLa cells, the highest spectral sensitivity reached 5214.285 nm/RIU, with amplitude sensitivity of -1481.1 RIU⁻¹.
The sensor demonstrated superior performance in amplitude sensitivity, SNR, FWHM, FOM, and DL compared to existing biosensors.

Conclusions:

The novel PCF-SPR biosensor offers a robust and highly sensitive platform for label-free cancer cell detection.
The design shows significant potential for advancements in biosensing applications, particularly for early cancer diagnosis.
HeLa cells exhibited a maximum resolution of 1.19 × 10⁻⁵ RIU and a FOM of 350 RIU⁻¹.