MXenes from MAX phases: synthesis, hybridization, and advances in supercapacitor applications

MXenes, which are essentially 2D layered structures composed of transition metal carbides and nitrides obtained from MAX phases, have gained substantial interest in the field of energy storage, especially for their potential as electrodes in supercapacitors due to their unique properties such as high electrical conductivity, large surface area, and tunable surface chemistry that enable efficient charge storage. However, their practical implementation is hindered by challenges like self-restacking, oxidation, and restricted ion transport within the layered structure. This review focuses on the synthesis process of MXenes from MAX phases, highlighting the different etching techniques employed and how they significantly influence the resulting MXene structure and subsequent electrochemical performance. It further highlights the hybridization of MXenes with carbon-based materials, conducting polymers, and metal oxides to enhance charge storage capacity, cyclic stability, and ion diffusion. The influence of dimensional structuring (1D, 2D, and 3D architectures) on electrochemical performance is critically analyzed, showcasing their role in optimizing electrolyte accessibility and energy density. Additionally, the review highlights that while MXene-based supercapacitors have seen significant advancements in terms of energy storage efficiency through various material combinations and fabrication techniques, key challenges like large-scale production, long-term stability, and compatibility with electrolytes still need to be addressed. Future research should prioritize developing scalable synthesis methods, optimizing hybrid material interactions, and investigating new electrolyte systems to fully realize the potential of MXene-based supercapacitors for commercial applications. This comprehensive review provides a roadmap for researchers aiming to bridge the gap between laboratory research and commercial supercapacitor applications.