Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages

61.6K
In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
61.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Multistate Infant Botulism Outbreak Associated with Powdered Infant Formula.

NEJM evidence·2026
Same author

Associations of SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity with clinical symptoms and race/ethnicity: The household transmission study.

PloS one·2025
Same author

Infant Botulism and Carbohydrate Blood Group Antigens: Preliminary Results from a Discordant Twin Study.

Journal of pediatrics. Clinical practice·2025
Same author

Chronic Symptomatology Among Infants, Children, and Adolescents Within 12 Months After SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

Global pediatric health·2024
Same author

Elevated incidence of infant botulism in a 17-county area of the Mid-Atlantic region in the United States, 2000-2019, including association with soil types.

Applied and environmental microbiology·2024
Same author

Outpatient Infant Botulism in the United States, 1976-2021.

The Journal of pediatrics·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2025

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays
12:25

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays

Published on: March 3, 2014

15.9K

Global Occurrence of Infant Botulism: 2007-2021.

Haydee A Dabritz1, Connie H Chung1, Jennifer S Read1

  • 1Infant Botulism Treatment and Prevention Program, Infectious Diseases Laboratories Division, Center for Laboratory Sciences, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California.

Pediatrics
|March 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Infant botulism (IB) is underrecognized globally, with cases occurring in 18 new countries between 2007-2021. Physicians should suspect IB in infants with specific symptoms and educate parents on risks like honey consumption.

More Related Videos

A Murine Model of Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization
10:19

A Murine Model of Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization

Published on: November 16, 2016

14.2K
Probiotic Studies in Neonatal Mice Using Gavage
10:36

Probiotic Studies in Neonatal Mice Using Gavage

Published on: January 27, 2019

18.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 20, 2025

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays
12:25

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays

Published on: March 3, 2014

15.9K
A Murine Model of Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization
10:19

A Murine Model of Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization

Published on: November 16, 2016

14.2K
Probiotic Studies in Neonatal Mice Using Gavage
10:36

Probiotic Studies in Neonatal Mice Using Gavage

Published on: January 27, 2019

18.4K

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Infant botulism (IB) is a serious neuroparalytic illness caused by Clostridium botulinum spores.
  • Global surveillance data for IB is limited, particularly outside the United States.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the worldwide occurrence and epidemiology of infant botulism from 2007 to 2021.
  • To identify trends and risk factors associated with infant botulism globally.

Main Methods:

  • Data collected via active/passive surveillance, hospital inquiries, and medical literature searches.
  • Included laboratory-confirmed cases not linked to foodborne botulism.
  • Defined cases and analyzed epidemiological data including toxin types, age, sex, and outcomes.

Main Results:

  • 2943 cases reported from 2007-2021; 18 countries reported first-time cases.
  • Most common toxin types were A and B. Median age at onset was 16.8 weeks.
  • Infants outside the US (ROW) had higher rates of intubation, longer hospital stays, and higher honey consumption.

Conclusions:

  • IB appears underrecognized in many countries, as case distribution doesn't align with spore prevalence.
  • Physicians should consider IB in infants with cranial nerve palsies, hypotonia, constipation, or poor feeding.
  • Global pediatrician education on IB risk factors, including honey ingestion, is crucial.