Nanobody-Based Immunoassays for the Detection of Food Hazards-A Review

Food safety remains a significant global challenge that affects human health. Various hazards, including microbiological and chemical threats, can compromise food safety throughout the supply chain. To address food safety issues and ensure public health, it is necessary to adopt rapid, accurate, and highly specific detection methods. Immunoassays are considered to be an effective method for the detection of highly sensitive biochemical indicators and provide an efficient platform for the identification of food hazards. In immunoassays, antibodies function as the primary recognition elements. Nanobodies have significant potential as valuable biomolecules in diagnostic applications. Their distinctive physicochemical and structural characteristics make them excellent candidates for the development of reliable diagnostic assays, and as promising alternatives to monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Herein, we summarize a comprehensive overview of the status and prospects of nanobody-based immunoassays in ensuring food safety. First, we begin with a historical perspective on the development of nanobodies and their unique characteristics. Subsequently, we explore the definitions and boundaries of immunoassays and immunosensors, before discussing the potential applications of nanobody-based immunoassays in food safety testing that have emerged over the past five years, and follow the different immunoassays, highlighting their advantages over traditional detection methods. Finally, the directions and challenges of nanobody-based immunoassays in food safety are discussed. Due to their remarkable sensitivity, specificity and versatility, nanobody-based immunoassays hold great promise in revolutionizing food safety testing and ensuring public health and well-being.