Characterization of Honey Microbiome Using MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry and Physicochemical Study

Honey, a super-saturated solution produced by Apis mellifera, is well-known for its historical medicinal uses, as well as culinary applications. Comprising sugars, phenols, enzymes, and more, its complex composition contributes to its medicinal properties. The microbiome, dominated by spore-forming bacteria and yeasts, is also a crucial factor in the health benefit properties of honey. The identification of the microbiome of honeys contributes to a better understanding of their microbial landscape and health-benefit properties and is also relevant to the environmental aspect. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is emerging as a key tool for microbial identification, but challenges remain in ensuring accuracy under different conditions. This study focuses on developing optimal conditions for microbial isolation and culture, aiming to balance diversity and avoid negative effects on identification. It further has the objective of evaluating the influence of geographic and botanical factors on the composition and diversity of the honey microbiome.