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Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Generation of Human Microglia to Combine Them with Retinal Organoids for Improved Disease Modeling

Generation of Human Microglia to Combine Them with Retinal Organoids for Improved Disease Modeling

Published on: July 26, 2024

Exploring organoid and assembloid technologies: a focus on retina and brain.

Sara Ouaidat¹, Alessandro Bellapianta¹, Franziska Ammer-Pickhardt^1,2

¹Research Group Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmology, University Clinic for Ophthalmology and Optometry, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria.

Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine

|March 27, 2025

Summary

Organoid technology advances in vitro disease modeling, with retinal and brain organoids showing promise as alternatives to transplants. Emerging assembloid models address current organoid limitations for better disease understanding.

Keywords:

3D models assembloids axonal projections brain organoids (BOs)organoids retinal ganglionic cells (RGCs)retinal organoids (ROs)

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Generation of Retinal Organoids from Healthy and Retinal Disease-Specific Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Generation of Retinal Organoids from Healthy and Retinal Disease-Specific Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: December 9, 2022

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Developmental Biology
Regenerative Medicine

Background:

Three-dimensional organoids are crucial in vitro disease models, revealing organ-specific complexities.
Challenges with current organoids drive the development of advanced assembloid structures.

Purpose of the Study:

To review distinct organoid types, focusing on retinal and brain organoids for disease modeling.
To explore organoids as alternatives to organ/cell transplantation.

Main Methods:

Review of published research on organoid applications.
Discussion of photostimulation in retinal organoids.
Exploration of microfluidics and organ-on-a-chip technologies.

Main Results:

Retinal and brain organoids show potential as alternatives to transplantation.
Photostimulation and microfluidic integration enhance retinal organoid function.
Organoid challenges led to the development of assembloid fusion models.

Conclusions:

Organoid technology provides superior in vitro models that mimic in vivo systems.
These advanced models deepen the understanding of disease pathophysiology.