Ovarian Dynamics and Pathological Conditions in Camelids

Domestic camelids comprise Dromedary, Bactrian (old-world camelids, OWC), alpaca, and Lama (new-world camelids, NWC). They possess unique reproductive physiology distinct from other livestock. A key feature is being induced ovulators, triggered by beta nerve growth factor (βNGF) present in the seminal plasma. Proper ovarian function is crucial for reproductive management and biotechnologies. In the absence of ovulation, camelids display overlapping follicular waves, with puberty and sexual receptivity influenced by factors like weight and age. Follicular growth patterns vary among these species and are better monitored via transrectal ultrasonography. Physiological variations in ovarian dynamics and hormonal activity differ among members of the Camelidae. Understanding these differences is essential for production and conservation efforts, particularly in wild species. Ovarian disorders, including failure to ovulate or respond to therapy, frequently cause subfertility or infertility in affected females. Superstimulatory and synchronisation protocols that rely on exogenous progestin, eCG, and FSH supplementation have been developed to address some causes of irregular ovarian dynamics. This paper reviews the current knowledge on follicular wave dynamics, their manipulation, and the common ovarian disorders affecting reproduction in camelids.