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The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2025

Microdissection of Mouse Brain into Functionally and Anatomically Different Regions
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Brain structural plasticity in large-brained mammals: Not only narrowing roads.

Marco Ghibaudi1,2, Alessandro Zanone1, Luca Bonfanti1,2

  • 1Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Italy.

Neural Regeneration Research
|March 27, 2025
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Summary

Large-brained mammals, including humans, possess abundant immature neurons. These dormant neurons can mature throughout life, offering a novel pathway for neural plasticity in complex cognitive circuits, contrasting with typical brain regeneration trends.

Keywords:
adult neurogenesisamygdalabrain plasticitycerebral cortexcomparative approachevolutionimmature neurons

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Developmental Neuroscience

Background:

  • Neural plasticity and regeneration are thought to decrease with increasing brain complexity in mammals.
  • However, some plasticity mechanisms show a reverse trend, evolving differently across species.
  • A trade-off exists between stem cell-driven regenerative plasticity and experience-based developmental remodeling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review different types of neural plasticity and their outcomes.
  • To focus on stem cell-independent integration of new neurons in the mammalian brain.
  • To explore the role of immature (dormant) neurons in high-order cognitive functions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on neural plasticity, neurogenesis, and cellular maturation.
  • Analysis of evolutionary trends in brain plasticity across different species.
  • Focus on the characteristics and abundance of immature neurons in mammalian brains.

Main Results:

  • Mammalian brains exhibit stem cell-independent integration of new neurons via dormant cells.
  • These immature neurons restart maturation throughout life, contributing to plasticity in the cortex and amygdala.
  • Abundant immature neurons are found in large-brained, long-living mammals, unlike stem cell-driven neurogenesis which decreases.

Conclusions:

  • Immature neurons represent a significant pathway for plasticity in complex mammalian brains, challenging traditional views.
  • This dormant neuron population offers potential for plasticity in higher-order cognitive circuits.
  • Understanding these cells has crucial translational implications for neurodevelopmental and degenerative disorders.