Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

2.2K
Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
2.2K
Understanding Memory01:19

Understanding Memory

1.6K
Memory is the retention of information or experiences over time, facilitated through three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is the process of inputting information into the memory system. For instance, when listening to a lecture, watching a play, reading a book, or having a conversation, the brain is actively encoding information. This initial stage involves transforming sensory input into a form that can be processed and stored by the brain. Various factors, such as...
1.6K
Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

937
Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...
937
Role of Hippocampus in Memory01:19

Role of Hippocampus in Memory

2.0K
The hippocampus, a critical brain structure, plays an essential role in memory processing, particularly in the formation and retrieval of memory. This small, seahorse-shaped region is located within the medial temporal lobe, with one hippocampus in each brain hemisphere. Experimental studies involving lesions in the hippocampi of rats have demonstrated significant impairments in tasks such as object recognition and maze navigation, indicating the hippocampus involvement in both recognition and...
2.0K
Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory01:14

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory

1.5K
The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the...
1.5K
Role of Neurotransmitters in Memory01:23

Role of Neurotransmitters in Memory

2.8K
Neurotransmitters are integral to the brain's communication system, enabling neurons to transmit signals across synapses. This chemical exchange underpins various cognitive functions, including memory processes. The role of neurotransmitters in memory is multifaceted, influencing the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of memories through their action on different neural circuits.
 Glutamate and Synaptic Plasticity
Glutamate, the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter, is...
2.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Fast efficient coding and sensory adaptation in gain-adaptive recurrent networks.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Human-level learning of complex novel tasks as theory-based modelling, exploration and planning.

Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences·2026
Same author

Gradient Descent as Loss Landscape Navigation: a Normative Framework for Deriving Learning Rules.

Advances in neural information processing systems·2026
Same author

Probabilistic forecasting guides dynamic decisions.

Psychological review·2026
Same author

Phasic dopamine drives conditioned responding beyond its role in learning.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Dopamine signatures of excessive and compulsive cocaine and fentanyl use.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Fast-conducting mechanonociceptors uniquely engage reflexive and affective pain circuitry to drive protective responses.

Neuron·2026
Same journal

Sparse component analysis: A method that uncovers separable computations within neural population activity.

Neuron·2026
Same journal

Spatiomolecular mapping reveals anatomical organization of heterogeneous cell types in the human nucleus accumbens.

Neuron·2026
Same journal

TGF-β1-induced endothelial transcytosis drives blood-brain barrier leakage during aging.

Neuron·2026
Same journal

Image space opens up for visual neuroscience.

Neuron·2026
Same journal

Septal GLP-1 receptors control alcohol taking and seeking.

Neuron·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection
11:30

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

Published on: August 26, 2011

9.6K

Key-value memory in the brain.

Samuel J Gershman1, Ila Fiete2, Kazuki Irie3

  • 1Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Kempner Institute for the Study of Natural and Artificial Intelligence, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Neuron
|March 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Key-value memory systems offer a novel approach to memory, separating storage and retrieval processes. This distinction enhances both memory storage fidelity and retrieval accuracy, advancing computational neuroscience and machine learning.

Keywords:
Memoryartificial intelligencehippocampusmachine learning

More Related Videos

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion
15:57

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Published on: May 4, 2011

15.9K
Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
09:00

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Published on: April 15, 2015

12.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 3, 2026

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection
11:30

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

Published on: August 26, 2011

9.6K
Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion
15:57

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Published on: May 4, 2011

15.9K
Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
09:00

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Published on: April 15, 2015

12.1K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Machine Learning
  • Computational Psychology

Background:

  • Classical memory models use similarity-based retrieval, conflating storage and retrieval computational demands.
  • These models lack distinct representations for storing information and retrieving it.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and review key-value memory systems as a computational framework.
  • To explore their advantages over traditional memory models.
  • To discuss their relevance in machine learning and neuroscience.

Main Methods:

  • Review of computational foundations of key-value memory systems.
  • Analysis of their role in modern machine learning.
  • Examination of related psychological and neuroscientific concepts.

Main Results:

  • Key-value memory systems allow separate optimization for storage fidelity and retrieval discriminability.
  • They offer a more computationally efficient and flexible memory architecture.
  • Potential applications to empirical puzzles in memory research are highlighted.

Conclusions:

  • Key-value memory systems provide a powerful framework for understanding memory.
  • This approach bridges computational theory, machine learning, and biological plausibility.
  • Further research into biological implementations is warranted.