Relationships and representations of brain structures, connectivity, dynamics and functions

The review explores the complex interplay between brain structures and their associated functions, presenting a diversity of hierarchical models that enhances our understanding of these relationships. Central to this approach are structure-function flow diagrams, which offer a visual representation of how specific neuroanatomical structures are linked to their functional roles. These diagrams are instrumental in mapping the intricate connections between different brain regions, providing a clearer understanding of how functions emerge from the underlying neural architecture. The study details innovative attempts to develop new functional hierarchies that integrate structural and functional data. These efforts leverage recent advancements in neuroimaging techniques such as fMRI, EEG, MEG, and PET, as well as computational models that simulate neural dynamics. By combining these approaches, the study seeks to create a more refined and dynamic hierarchy that can accommodate the brain's complexity, including its capacity for plasticity and adaptation. A significant focus is placed on the overlap of structures and functions within the brain. The manuscript acknowledges that many brain regions are multifunctional, contributing to different cognitive and behavioral processes depending on the context. This overlap highlights the need for a flexible, non-linear hierarchy that can capture the brain's intricate functional landscape. Moreover, the study examines the interdependence of these functions, emphasizing how the loss or impairment of one function can impact others. Another crucial aspect discussed is the brain's ability to compensate for functional deficits following neurological diseases or injuries. The investigation explores how the brain reorganizes itself, often through the recruitment of alternative neural pathways or the enhancement of existing ones, to maintain functionality despite structural damage. This compensatory mechanism underscores the brain's remarkable plasticity, demonstrating its ability to adapt and reconfigure itself in response to injury, thereby ensuring the continuation of essential functions. In conclusion, the study presents a system of brain functions that integrates structural, functional, and dynamic perspectives. It offers a robust framework for understanding how the brain's complex network of structures supports a wide range of cognitive and behavioral functions, with significant implications for both basic neuroscience and clinical applications.