Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli in Broiler and Indigenous Farm Environments in Klang Valley, Malaysia

Background/Objectives: The global health threat posed by antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a cause for serious concern. Poultry farming in Asia, particularly with indiscriminate use, has been identified as a major contributor to AMR, resulting in the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli (E. coli). Considering the environment's role in harboring pathogens, this study aimed to determine the distribution of MDR E. coli in the environments of broiler and indigenous farms in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Methods: Soil and effluent samples were collected from 30 poultry (19 broiler and 11 indigenous) farms. Selective chromogenic E. coli agar plates were used for the isolation of bacteria. The VITEX^® 2 system was employed for identification and susceptibility testing. Results: A total of 117 E. coli isolates were recovered. The isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin (76.1%), followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (47.9%), and ampicillin-sulbactam (46.2%). AMR rates were higher in broiler farms (91.3%) than in indigenous farms (64.6%) (p < 0.05). The high multiple antibiotic resistance index in the environment of broiler farms (0.22) implies a higher risk of contamination compared to indigenous farms (0.10). Conclusions: The elevated levels of AMR observed in broiler farms underscore the need for collaborative efforts across sectors to address this issue. As AMR is a global One Health issue, monitoring AMR in the environment is essential to complement existing health programs. Implementing best practices, biosecurity, hygiene, continuous monitoring, and food safety management systems is crucial to reduce antimicrobial use and curb the rise of MDR bacteria.