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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Development of an Audio-based Virtual Gaming Environment to Assist with Navigation Skills in the Blind
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Dual Assessment of Developmental Topographical Disorientation: Comparing Self-Reported Measures with Actual

Alessia Bonavita1, Sofia Pepe2, Raffaella Nori3

  • 1Faculty of Law, Giustino Fortunato University, 82100 Benevento, Italy.

Brain Sciences
|March 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The Familiarity and Spatial Cognitive Style Scale (FSCS) effectively screens for Developmental Topographical Disorientation (DTD), but comprehensive assessment requires multiple tools. Findings suggest distinct DTD subtypes impacting navigational memory and perceptual abilities.

Keywords:
SODanxietydevelopmental topographical disorientationindividual differenceslandmark knowledgemap-based navigationpsychological distressspatial orientationtopographic orientation

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human Geography

Background:

  • Developmental Topographical Disorientation (DTD) affects approximately 3% of youth, impacting spatial navigation abilities.
  • Early detection and understanding of DTD are crucial for timely intervention and support.
  • Existing assessment tools for navigational abilities have varying degrees of effectiveness and diagnostic scope.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the predictive validity of the Familiarity and Spatial Cognitive Style Scale (FSCS) and the short Computerized Ecological Navigational Battery (LBS) for navigational performance.
  • To investigate the FSCS's utility as a screening tool for Developmental Topographical Disorientation (DTD) in young adults.
  • To examine gender-based differences in self-reported navigational skills versus actual performance.

Main Methods:

  • 185 college students (125 female, aged 18-35) completed the FSCS and performed navigation tasks using a new LBS version.
  • Navigational performance was analyzed using MAD-based z-scores; scores below the fifth percentile indicated potential DTD.
  • Correlation analyses and robust linear regressions assessed the relationship between self-reported abilities and actual performance.

Main Results:

  • The FSCS's SOD subscale significantly predicted navigational accuracy across multiple tasks.
  • DTD prevalence was 5.42% by FSCS criteria and 11.96% by LBS, with only two individuals identified by both.
  • Males demonstrated higher performance in Survey Knowledge and Landmark Ordering tasks, indicating gender differences in specific navigational skills.

Conclusions:

  • The FSCS is validated as an initial screening tool for DTD, but comprehensive assessment necessitates multiple instruments.
  • Evidence suggests at least two distinct DTD forms: one affecting navigational memory and another impacting perceptual navigation.
  • Developing a detailed DTD taxonomy and personalized interventions are essential for addressing specific navigational deficits.