Catalytic Strategies for the Production of Alkane-Based Lubricant Base Oils from Biomass and Plastic Wastes

Catalytic synthesis of alkane-based lubricant base oils from biomass and plastic waste offers low-carbon and sustainable pathways toward carbon neutrality. In this review, recent advancements in catalytic strategies for the conversion of lipids, lignocellulosic biomass-derived molecules, and polyolefin plastic wastes into hydrocarbon-based lubricant base oils are highlighted. For the bio-lubricant production, catalytic routes involve C-C coupling reactions, followed by hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) or hydrogenation reactions to produce hydrocarbons. For the lubricant production from polyolefin plastic wastes, catalytic strategies include pyrolysis followed by hydroconversion or direct hydrogenolysis. Various strategies along with their respective catalysts, are exemplified. The performance and mechanisms of catalysts for each reaction are systematically summarized. Additionally, the structure-property relationships of lubricant molecules are comprehensively discussed to gain the guidance for the design of superior lubricant architectures. Technoeconomic analysis and life cycle assessment are also addressed to evaluate commercial viability and environmental impact. Finally, perspectives on future developments in this field are offered. It is anticipated that this review will inspire innovations in catalytic process development and rational catalyst design for the conversion of biomass and plastic waste into high-performance lubricant base oils to establish a low-carbon economy.