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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Workshop on Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring 2024.

Jeon Woong Kang1, Mark A Arnold2, Devin Steenkamp3

  • 1Laser Biomedical Research Center, George R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
|March 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The first workshop on noninvasive glucose monitoring (NIGM) explored cutting-edge technologies and clinical applications. Experts discussed advancements in NIGM and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) for improved diabetes care.

Keywords:
accuracyblood glucoseblood glucose metercontinuous glucose monitoringnoninvasive glucose monitoringself-monitoring of blood glucose

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Noninvasive glucose monitoring (NIGM) is a critical unmet need in diabetes management.
  • Current continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices are minimally invasive and require frequent calibration.
  • Technological advancements are driving innovation in glucose sensing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To convene experts for a comprehensive discussion on the state-of-the-art in noninvasive glucose monitoring (NIGM) technologies.
  • To bridge the gap between technological development, clinical needs, and patient care in glucose monitoring.
  • To foster collaboration and identify future research directions in NIGM.

Main Methods:

  • A workshop format featuring invited speakers from industry, academia, and clinical practice.
  • Presentations covered an overview and the state-of-the-art in various NIGM technologies.
  • Discussions included minimally invasive implantable CGM sensors and clinical perspectives on current CGM devices.

Main Results:

  • An overview of emerging NIGM technologies, including near-infrared (NIR), mid-infrared (IR), photoacoustic, and Raman spectroscopies.
  • Assessment of the current landscape and limitations of existing continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technologies.
  • Insights into the clinical impact and patient care implications of current CGM devices were shared.

Conclusions:

  • The workshop highlighted the rapid progress and diverse approaches in noninvasive glucose monitoring (NIGM).
  • Integration of advanced spectroscopic techniques and implantable sensors shows promise for future glucose monitoring solutions.
  • A clinician's perspective underscored the importance of user-friendly and accurate devices for effective diabetes management.