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Factors Affecting Illness01:18

Factors Affecting Illness

When a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social development or spiritual functioning is compromised, this deviation from a healthy normal state is called illness. Illness creates stress that in turn harms individuals. Irritation, anger, denial, hopelessness, and fear are behavioral and emotional changes an individual experiences in the phases of illness. A variety of factors influence a person's health and well-being.
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Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
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Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
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Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...

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A Luciferase-fluorescent Reporter Influenza Virus for Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection
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Influenza-Associated Hospitalization Rates by Underlying Conditions, 2016-2017 to 2019-2020: A Retrospective Cohort

Aaron M Frutos1,2, Mark W Tenforde1, Devi Sundaresan1

  • 1Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

The Journal of Infectious Diseases
|March 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Individuals with underlying medical conditions face higher risks of influenza hospitalization. Managing these conditions and getting vaccinated are crucial for prevention, especially for high-risk groups.

Keywords:
Acute respiratory illnesscausal methodsclinical outcomescomorbiditieselectronic health recordsinfluenza vaccinationsevere influenza

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Underlying medical conditions (UMCs) are known risk factors for influenza-associated hospitalizations.
  • The impact of the type and number of UMCs on these hospitalization rates requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate how influenza-associated hospitalization rates vary by the type and number of underlying medical conditions.
  • To assess the influence of UMCs on hospitalization rates, considering influenza vaccination status.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study of adult health system members (2016-2020).
  • Influenza-associated hospitalization rates were estimated based on discharge diagnoses or lab confirmation.
  • Adjusted rate ratios (aRRs) were calculated using Poisson regression, controlling for covariates.
  • Causal mediation analysis explored the role of vaccination status.

Main Results:

  • Congestive heart failure presented the highest aRR (4.2) for influenza hospitalization.
  • Hospitalization risk increased with each additional UMC.
  • The effect of UMCs on hospitalizations was more pronounced when not mediated by vaccination; individuals with ≥4 UMCs had ~60% higher rates compared to those without.

Conclusions:

  • A higher burden of UMCs is significantly associated with increased influenza-associated hospitalization rates.
  • Influenza vaccination plays a critical role in mitigating hospitalization risk.
  • Preventive medical care and annual vaccination are essential for high-risk populations.