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Mass Analyzers: Common Types01:19

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The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...
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Higher molecular weight biomolecules are nonvolatile compounds that may decompose before ionizing or vaporizing during mass analysis with conventional electron impact ionization methods. Accordingly, electrospray ionization (ESI) is the favored method for vaporizing and ionizing biomolecules as it circumvents rapid fragmentation and enables the recording of mass signals for the entire biomolecule.
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A 100 KW Class Applied-field Magnetoplasmadynamic Thruster
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Characterization of a 10 W class electrospray array thruster.

Collin Whittaker1, Steven Arestie2, Colleen Marrese-Reading2

  • 1Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Michigan, City, 48109 Michigan United States.

Journal of Electric Propulsion
|March 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details a 6102-emitter porous conical electrospray array thruster, achieving up to 13.3 W. Performance was measured in negative polarity, highlighting thrust, specific impulse, and efficiency for robust scaling of electrospray systems.

Keywords:
ElectrohydrodynamicsElectrosprayILISMicropropulsion

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Area of Science:

  • Spacecraft Propulsion
  • Electrospray Thrusters
  • Micropropulsion Systems

Background:

  • Electrospray thrusters offer a promising micropropulsion solution for small satellites.
  • Scaling electrospray systems to higher power levels is crucial for broader mission applications.
  • Previous designs faced limitations in power handling and robustness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design, manufacture, and characterize a high-power porous conical electrospray array thruster.
  • To directly measure thrust, specific impulse, and efficiency across a range of operating conditions.
  • To investigate the performance limitations and scaling potential of electrospray technology.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a 6102-emitter porous glass and ceramic electrospray array.
  • Direct thrust measurement using a precision mass balance within a bell jar.
  • Vacuum facility testing to evaluate performance from low to over 10 W.
  • Analysis of efficiency drop and potential causes like facility effects.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated operation of the thruster up to 13.3 W in negative polarity.
  • Measured thrust, specific impulse, and efficiency across various voltages and powers.
  • Identified arcing issues in positive mode operation above 1400 V.
  • Highlighted secondary charged particle flux as a factor affecting efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • The developed porous conical electrospray thruster shows potential for higher power applications.
  • Understanding facility effects and charged particle flux is key for optimizing performance.
  • Robust scaling of electrospray systems requires careful consideration of electrode design and operating modes.