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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2025

Optic Nerve Transection: A Model of Adult Neuron Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System
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The Approach to Cranioorbital Gunshot Wounds.

Winston R Owens1,2, Anna J Skochdopole1, Srinithya R Gillipelli1,2

  • 1Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.

Seminars in Plastic Surgery
|March 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Penetrating traumatic brain injury (pTBI) management requires updated guidelines due to advancements in care. This article reviews current pTBI treatment, emphasizing multidisciplinary surgical collaboration for improved patient outcomes.

Keywords:
craniectomycranioplastycraniotomygunshot woundsneurosurgeryophthalmologypenetrating traumatic brain injuryplastic surgerytrauma

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Traumatic Brain Injury
  • Surgical Management

Background:

  • Gunshot wounds to the head (pTBI) have high morbidity and low survival rates.
  • Current pTBI treatment guidelines, established in 2001, are outdated and based on older conflict data.
  • Recent advancements in medical care necessitate updated pTBI management strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the current management of penetrating traumatic brain injury (pTBI).
  • To highlight the collaborative roles of neurosurgeons, ophthalmologists, and plastic surgeons in pTBI care.
  • To inform the development of updated pTBI treatment guidelines.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and clinical practices for pTBI management.
  • Analysis of the multidisciplinary approach involving various surgical subspecialties.
  • Discussion of nonoperative versus operative management strategies for pTBI patients.

Main Results:

  • Significant advancements in care have occurred since the last pTBI guidelines were published.
  • Multidisciplinary collaboration is crucial for comprehensive pTBI patient management.
  • Emergent interventions and delayed reconstruction are common in pTBI cases.

Conclusions:

  • Updated guidelines for penetrating traumatic brain injury (pTBI) management are needed.
  • A collaborative, multidisciplinary surgical approach is essential for optimizing pTBI patient care.
  • Further research and guideline formulation are critical for improving outcomes in pTBI.