Intraoperative Augmented Reality Visualization in Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Tumor Resection Using the Endoscopic...

The endoscopic transsphenoidal approach (ETSA) is a commonly used technique that allows for the minimally invasive removal of sellar and parasellar lesions. Augmented reality (AR) applications in ETSA are hypothesized to enhance intraoperative visualization by integrating a 3D-reconstructed model into the operative field. This study describes the workflow and surgical outcomes associated with the Endoscopic Surgical Navigation Advanced Platform (EndoSNAP, Surgical Theater, Cleveland, OH, USA), an AR platform designed for surgical planning and intraoperative navigation in ETSA for sellar and parasellar lesions. We analyzed a cohort of patients who underwent ETSA tumor resection using EndoSNAP. Preoperative MRI and CT scans were reconstructed and merged into a single 360° AR model using the Surgical Rehearsal Platform software. The model was then imported into EndoSNAP, which was integrated with the endoscope and neuronavigation system for real-time intraoperative use. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, extent of resection (EOR), and endocrinologic and neurologic outcomes were recorded. Eighteen adult patients with newly diagnosed (83%) and recurrent (17%) tumors were included. Pathologies consisted of pituitary adenoma (72%), craniopharyngioma (11%), meningioma (11%), and chordoma (6%). Optic compression was present in 56% of patients, with preoperative visual deficits in 70% of them. Cavernous sinus invasion was observed in 17% of tumors. Preoperative hormonal excess and insufficiency were noted in 56% and 28% of cases, respectively. The mean preoperative tumor volume was 21.4 ± 17 cm³, which decreased to 0.4 ± 0.3 cm³ postoperatively. The mean EOR was 93.6 ± 3.6%. Postoperative complications included CSF leaks requiring surgical repair (17%), seizures related to pre-existing hemispheric trauma (6%), pulmonary embolism (6%), deep venous thrombosis (6%), and sinusitis (6%). These findings suggest that AR-enhanced visualization through EndoSNAP is a feasible and potentially beneficial adjunct in ETSA for sellar and parasellar tumor resection.