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Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Visual System

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

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Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.

Relative Motion Analysis using Rotating Axes-Problem Solving

Relative Motion Analysis using Rotating Axes-Problem Solving

Consider a crane whose telescopic boom rotates with an angular velocity of 0.04 rad/s and angular acceleration of 0.02 rad/s2. Along with the rotation, the boom also extends linearly with a uniform speed of 5 m/s. The extension of the boom is measured at point D, which is measured with respect to the fixed point C on the other end of the boom. For the given instant, the distance between points C and D is 60 meters.
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Relative Motion Analysis using Rotating Axes

Relative Motion Analysis using Rotating Axes

Consider a component AB undergoing a linear motion. Along with a linear motion, point B also rotates around point A. To comprehend this complex movement, position vectors for both points A and B are established using a stationary reference frame.
However, to express the relative position of point B relative to point A, an additional frame of reference, denoted as x'y', is necessary. This additional frame not only translates but also rotates relative to the fixed frame, making it...

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The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2025

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

Published on: April 16, 2014

Hierarchical Vector Analysis of Visual Motion Perception.

Samuel J Gershman¹, Johannes Bill², Jan Drugowitsch²

¹Department of Psychology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA;

Annual Review of Vision Science

|March 31, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The brain parses complex visual motion by breaking it down into a hierarchy of relative motion vectors. This hierarchical motion perception offers insights into how the brain implements high-level cognitive functions like compositionality.

Keywords:

Bayesian inference motion perception structure learning

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Last Updated: May 16, 2025

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

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Published on: November 9, 2011

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Computational Vision
Cognitive Science

Background:

Visual scenes contain complex motion patterns requiring decomposition for perception and action.
The brain is hypothesized to use a hierarchical strategy for parsing motion based on relative vectors.

Purpose of the Study:

To review computational models of hierarchical motion parsing.
To examine experimental evidence supporting these models.
To discuss implications for understanding neural implementations of cognition.

Main Methods:

Review of existing computational models.
Analysis of psychophysical and neuroscientific experimental data.
Theoretical synthesis of findings.

Main Results:

Computational models provide algorithmic and neural insights into motion parsing.
Hierarchical decomposition into relative motion vectors is supported by evidence.
Hierarchical motion perception serves as a model for cognitive functions.

Conclusions:

Hierarchical motion perception is a key strategy for understanding complex visual scenes.
This framework aids in elucidating the neural basis of cognitive compositionality.