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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
Alternative RNA Splicing02:18

Alternative RNA Splicing

Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
There are five types of alternative RNA splicing that vary in the ways the pre-mRNA segments are removed or retained in the mature mRNA. The first...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...

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Modeling ANKRD26 5'-UTR mutation-related thrombocytopenia.

Liang Zheng1,2, Zhijian Wu1,3, Noritaka Yada1

  • 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66126, USA.

Disease Models & Mechanisms
|April 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary

ANKRD26 (ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 26) overexpression causes thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. Zebrafish with ankrd26 mutations showed hereditary thrombocytopenia 2 (THC2) features, including low platelet counts and increased clotting. This suggests ANKRD26 plays a key role in blood disorders.

Keywords:
ANKRD26InflammationTTPThrombocytopeniaThrombosis

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Mutations in the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 26 (ANKRD26) are linked to hereditary thrombocytopenia 2 (THC2).
  • The precise role of these mutations and the mechanisms driving THC2 remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional consequences of ankrd26 5'-UTR mutations in a zebrafish model.
  • To elucidate the role of ANKRD26 in thrombocytopenia, thrombosis, and potential hematologic malignancies.

Main Methods:

  • Generated zebrafish with a specific 2-nucleotide deletion (Δ2) in the ankrd26 5'-UTR (ank26ku6).
  • Analyzed ankrd26 mRNA and protein expression levels in zebrafish larvae and adults.
  • Assessed platelet count, adhesion, and aggregation in ank26ku6 fish.
  • Performed proteomic profiling of thrombocytes.
  • Examined long-term outcomes, including myelodysplastic syndrome development.
  • Compared ANKRD26 protein levels in human patients with immune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Main Results:

  • Zebrafish with the ankrd26 Δ2 deletion exhibited increased ankrd26 expression and developed spontaneous thrombocytopenia.
  • Thrombocytes from mutant fish showed enhanced adhesion and aggregation.
  • Proteomics revealed upregulation of Ninjurin 1 in mutant thrombocytes.
  • Mutant fish developed myelodysplastic syndrome later in life.
  • Elevated ANKRD26 protein was observed in platelets and plasma of patients with immune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Conclusions:

  • ANKRD26 overexpression, whether hereditary or acquired, contributes to thrombocytopenia and thrombosis.
  • The findings establish a link between ANKRD26 dysregulation and hematologic malignancies.
  • This study provides a model for understanding THC2 pathogenesis and ANKRD26's broader role in blood disorders.