Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism and subsequent fibrous osteodystrophy in a 3-year-old dromedary camel

A 3-year-old female dromedary camel was referred as an urgent case for evaluation of chronic weight loss, facial deformity, and hind-limb lameness. On initial examination, the camel was emaciated, with bilateral masses protruding from the maxillary and mandibular bones and extending into the oral cavity; the lameness could not be assessed due to recumbency. Clinical pathology and fecal flotation findings were consistent with secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism, hypovitaminosis D, marked anemia, hypoproteinemia, and parasitism. The camel was euthanized based on the presumptive diagnosis of fibrous osteodystrophy, which was confirmed on postmortem examination. Preventative strategies were recommended for future care of dromedaries and included camel husbandry with adequate ultraviolet light exposure, adequate nutrition, appropriate anthelmintic control programs, and vitamin D supplementation. Key clinical message: The cause of fibrous osteodystrophy in camels can be multifactorial and include secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism, hypovitaminosis D due to inadequate exposure to ultraviolet light or intake, and parasitism. Specific nutrient requirements, sun exposure, and anthelmintic protocols are essential for camels living in North America.