The Exserohilum turcicum effector EtEC81 reprograms alternative splicing in maize and activates immunity

Some pathogen-derived effectors reprogram mRNA splicing in host plants to regulate plant immune responses. Whether effectors from Exserohilum turcicum, which causes northern corn leaf blight (NLB), interfere with RNA splicing remains unknown. We identify that the secreted protein EtEC81 (Exserohilum turcicum effector 81) modulates the alternative splicing (AS) of maize (Zea mays) pre-mRNAs and negatively regulates the pathogenicity of E. turcicum. EtEC81 physically interacts with MAIZE EtEC81-INTERACTING PROTEIN 1 (ZmEIP1), which associates with maize spliceosome components, modulates AS in host cells, and positively regulates defense responses against E. turcicum. Transcriptome analysis identifies 119 common events with altered AS in maize plants transiently overexpressing ZmEIP1 or EtEC81, suggesting that these factors cause the misregulation of cellular activities and thus induce immune responses. Together, our results suggest that the EtEC81 effector targets ZmEIP1 to reprogram pre-mRNA splicing in maize. These findings provide a mechanistic basis and potential target gene for preventing NLB.