Facile synthesis of rapid hemostatic powder based on sodium alginate for promoting hemostasis and wound healing

Uncontrollable bleeding and excessive blood loss are the primary causes of death on the battlefield and in accidents. However, commercial hemostatic materials possess individual drawbacks for hemostasis. Here, we present a rapid hemostatic powder (SACC-GO) with high biosafety, which is fabricated by a facile ball milling method using inexpensive raw materials (sodium alginate (SA), calcium chloride, cerium nitrate and graphene oxide (GO)). The SACC-GO could immediately become gel when meeting blood, whose strength was enhanced due to specific surface area of GO and high coordination capacity of Ce³⁺ ions. In addition, the SACC-GO had a high water absorption rate (~2000 %) allow it to concentrate blood and release Ca²⁺ ions to improve blood coagulation. The in vitro and in vivo results, such as hemostasis in tail amputation, femoral hemostasis and hepatic hemostasis, exhibited excellent hemostasis effects by reducing hemostasis time and blood loss (with the majority of reductions exceeding 50 %). The SACC-GO also enhanced wound healing due to Ce ions scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, the SACC-GO hemostatic powder had great potential for rapid hemostasis.