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Related Concept Videos

Drug Excretion: Miscellaneous Routes01:10

Drug Excretion: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug excretion involves various organs, including the liver, intestines, skin, and eyes. In the case of drugs or toxins, they can be actively secreted into bile by transporters in the hepatocyte's canalicular membrane. These substances enter the GI tract during digestion and may be reabsorbed into the body from the intestine. This process, known as enterohepatic recycling, can significantly prolong the presence and effects of a substance in the body. To interrupt this cycle, specific...
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Drug Excretion: Pulmonary and Glandular Routes01:22

Drug Excretion: Pulmonary and Glandular Routes

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Gaseous substances like general anesthetics are absorbed and excreted through the lungs via simple diffusion. This process depends on factors such as pulmonary blood flow, respiration rate, and the substance's solubility. Gaseous anesthetics like nitrous oxide with low blood solubility are excreted rapidly, while compounds like alcohol, with high blood and tissue solubility, are excreted slowly.
Drugs can also be excreted in breast milk, which is crucial for breastfeeding infants. The...
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Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview01:21

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When it comes to infants and young children, they are typically administered smaller doses of medication in comparison to adults. This is primarily because their organ functions still need to fully develop, meaning their bodies are not as efficient at metabolizing or eliminating drugs. Additionally, their blood-brain barrier is more permeable than in adults. As a result, high concentrations of drugs can easily penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to neurological...
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Drug Elimination: Non-Renal Routes01:23

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The liver plays a pivotal role in eliminating drugs and their metabolites, primarily through a process known as biliary excretion. This process involves the hepatocytes, the primary cells in the liver that generate bile. A range of transporters actively expels polar drugs or hydrophilic drug metabolites into the bile, which transports the drugs and metabolites into the small intestine. From here, they are eventually expelled from the body through feces. In some instances, the original drug or a...
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Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics01:23

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics

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Respiratory symptoms, such as congestion and cough, commonly accompany respiratory tract conditions. Various medications, such as antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics, play crucial roles in providing relief.
Antitussives include codeine, dextromethorphan (Robitussin), and benzonatate (Tessalon). Codeine and dextromethorphan exert their effects centrally by suppressing the cough reflex center in the medulla.  Benzonatate operates peripherally within the respiratory tract by...
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Physiological Barriers01:25

Physiological Barriers

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Physiological barriers are semi-permeable cellular structures restricting drug diffusion into intracellular compartments and tissues. There are six types of physiological barriers: blood endothelial, cell membrane, blood-brain, blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood-placenta, and blood-testis barriers.
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Updated: Jun 14, 2025

An Efficient Single—Person Technique for Milk Sampling from Laboratory Mice
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Drugs in Lactation.

Margarita A P Berwick1, Anika J Heuberger2, Joimishael V Martin2

  • 1Orlando Health Winnie Palmer Hospital for Women and Babies Ob/Gyn Hospitalist Group, Orlando, FL, USA.

Seminars in Perinatology
|April 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Managing medications during breastfeeding is complex, but few drugs are truly contraindicated. Evidence-based guidance for medication use in lactation is improving, aiding healthcare providers in creating safe plans.

Keywords:
BreastfeedingDrugsInfantLactationManagementMedicationNeonateSafetyToxicity

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology and Toxicology
  • Lactation Science
  • Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

  • Medication management during lactation presents challenges for healthcare professionals globally.
  • Historically, many medications were advised against during breastfeeding, but current understanding is evolving.
  • Accumulating data from case reports, drug transfer studies, and lactation physiology inform safer medication use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current scientific knowledge regarding medication use in breastfeeding.
  • To describe pharmacokinetic factors affecting infant drug exposure via breast milk.
  • To provide a practical algorithm and case study for developing medication management plans for lactating individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of case reports, quantitative studies, and pharmacokinetic data.
  • Analysis of lactation physiology and drug transfer into breast milk.
  • Development of a clinical algorithm and case study for medication management.

Main Results:

  • Few medications are absolutely contraindicated in breastfeeding; most can be managed with careful consideration.
  • Pharmacokinetic principles are crucial for understanding and minimizing infant drug exposure.
  • Evidence-based guidance is increasingly available to support clinical decision-making.

Conclusions:

  • Healthcare providers can increasingly offer fact-based guidance for medication use during lactation.
  • A systematic approach integrating clinical resources and pharmacologic data aids in safe medication management.
  • Individualized management plans are essential for lactating individuals requiring medication.