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Characteristics and Prevalence of Sequelae after COVID-19: A Longitudinal Cohort Study

Se Ju Lee1,2, Yae Jee Baek3, Su Hwan Lee4

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Infection & Chemotherapy
|April 4, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Long COVID persists in over half of patients within six months and a third after 18 months, impacting mental health and physical recovery. Comprehensive, multi-faceted assessments are crucial for managing long COVID patients.

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • The COVID-19 public health emergency has ended, but long COVID remains a significant concern.
  • Long COVID, characterized by persistent symptoms post-infection, affects numerous patients, including those with mild initial illness.
  • The considerable burden of long COVID necessitates comprehensive analysis and multi-faceted assessments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively analyze the effects of long COVID using multi-faceted assessments.
  • To determine the prevalence of long COVID and associated factors.
  • To evaluate the long-term physical and psychological impacts of COVID-19.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective cohort study of 290 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 between February 2020 and September 2021.
  • Follow-up at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months post-discharge.
  • Long COVID defined as persistence of three or more COVID-19-related symptoms; multivariable logistic regression used for analysis.

Main Results:

  • 54.5% experienced long COVID within 6 months; 34.6% after 18 months.
  • Abnormal findings persisted in 51.9% of chest CT scans after 18 months.
  • Significant associations with long COVID after 12-18 months included post-traumatic stress disorder (17.4%), anxiety (31.9%), and male sex (OR 0.17) and elderly individuals (OR 1.04).

Conclusions:

  • Long COVID symptoms and impacts persist for many patients over 18 months post-SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • Multi-faceted assessments are essential for effective management of long COVID.
  • The study highlights the chronic nature of long COVID and the need for ongoing research and patient support.
Abstract

Keywords:
COVID-19Long COVIDPost-COVID-19 conditionPost-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection

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