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There are many research methods available to psychologists in their efforts to understand, describe, and explain behavior and the cognitive and biological processes that underlie it.

Naturalistic Observations

Naturalistic Observations

If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...

Bias

Bias

Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...

Group Design

Group Design

The most basic experimental design involves two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The two groups are designed to be the same except for one difference— experimental manipulation. The experimental group gets the experimental manipulation—that is, the treatment or variable being tested—and the control group does not. Since experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, we can be sure that any differences between...

Humanistic Psychology

Humanistic Psychology

Humanistic psychology emerged in the mid-20th century as a response to the deterministic and pessimistic nature of behaviorism and psychoanalysis. While behaviorism focused on observable behaviors influenced by the environment and psychoanalysis delved into unconscious motivations, both theories suggested that human actions lacked free will. In contrast, humanistic psychology offers a perspective that emphasizes the innate potential for goodness and growth within every individual.
This approach...

Archival Research

Archival Research

Some researchers gain access to large amounts of data without interacting with a single research participant. Instead, they use existing records to answer various research questions. This type of research approach is known as archival research. Archival research relies on looking at past records or data sets to look for interesting patterns or relationships. For example, a researcher might access the academic records of all individuals who enrolled in college within the past ten years and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2025

Enactive Phenomenological Approach to the Trier Social Stress Test: A Mixed Methods Point of View

Enactive Phenomenological Approach to the Trier Social Stress Test: A Mixed Methods Point of View

Published on: January 7, 2019

A Critical Reflection of Generalization in Mixed Methods Research.

Quan Nha Hong¹, Sergi Fàbregues²

¹School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, and Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Montréal, QC, Canada.

Evaluation Review

|April 4, 2025

Summary

Mixed methods research integrates qualitative and quantitative approaches for program evaluation. This study critically examines generalization in mixed methods research, addressing its relevance, conceptualization, and strategies for enhancement.

Keywords:

external validity generalizability generalization mixed methods research transferability

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Last Updated: May 8, 2025

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Published on: January 7, 2019

Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits

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Area of Science:

Program evaluation
Mixed methods research methodology

Background:

Mixed methods research is increasingly utilized in program evaluation for complex interventions.
Despite methodological advancements, generalization remains an under-addressed issue.

Purpose of the Study:

To critically reflect on the application of generalization in mixed methods research.
To explore the concept and practices of generalization within this methodology.

Main Methods:

Literature review on generalization practices in mixed methods research.
Discussion of external validity in impact evaluation.
Conceptualization of generalization within mixed methods.

Main Results:

Generalization in mixed methods research requires careful consideration.
Identified threats to generalization in mixed methods studies.
Strategies for improving generalization are proposed.

Conclusions:

Enhancing generalization is crucial for the rigor of mixed methods program evaluation.
Further attention to generalization will strengthen the methodology.