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The pH-sensitive polymerization process of phenol on hexagonal birnessite.

Haibo Liu1, Bo Chen1, Ziyang Chu1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Nano-Minerals and Pollution Control of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; Institute of Environment Minerals and Materials, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.

Journal of Environmental Management
|April 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Birnessite effectively removes 94% of phenol through polymerization and degradation. Phenol polymerization, influenced by pH, dominates at pH 2.0, forming multimers on birnessite surfaces.

Keywords:
Hexagonal birnessiteOxidative polymerizationPhenolic compoundsTwo-electron transfer

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Soil Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Birnessite, a soil manganese oxide, interacts with organic compounds.
  • Oxidative polymerization of organic compounds by birnessite is an underreported pathway.
  • Understanding phenol fate in soil requires investigating birnessite interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate phenol reaction pathways on hexagonal birnessite.
  • To quantify the contribution of polymerization in phenol removal.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of phenol polymerization by birnessite.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental analysis of phenol-birnessite interactions.
  • pH-dependent reaction pathway investigation.
  • Identification and analysis of polymeric products and intermediates.

Main Results:

  • Birnessite removed approximately 94% of phenol under acidic conditions.
  • At pH 2.0, 80% of phenol removal occurred via polymerization, 20% via degradation.
  • Phenol polymerization involves adsorption, two-electron transfer, and multimer formation below pH 2.44.

Conclusions:

  • Phenol polymerization on birnessite is a significant removal pathway.
  • Solution pH is a critical factor influencing phenol polymerization.
  • This study elucidates the mechanism of phenol polymerization by birnessite, impacting pollutant fate.