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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...

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Updated: May 7, 2026

Athymic Rat Model for Evaluation of Engineered Anterior Cruciate Ligament Grafts

Athymic Rat Model for Evaluation of Engineered Anterior Cruciate Ligament Grafts

Published on: March 26, 2015

The Docking Technique for Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction.

Jasraj S Raghuwanshi¹, Jeffrey D Hassebrock², Steven Kozusko²

¹University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA.

The Journal of Hand Surgery

|April 5, 2025

Summary

Medial ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction using the docking technique is the optimal treatment for elbow instability in athletes. This guide details the procedure, enhancing outcomes for complex cases.

Keywords:

Docking technique elbow injuries palmaris longus autograft thrower’s elbow ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Sports Medicine
Upper Extremity Reconstruction

Background:

Medial ulnar collateral ligament (MUCL) injuries cause valgus elbow instability, common in overhead athletes and from acute trauma.
Tendon graft reconstruction is the preferred treatment for functional limitations and radiographic evidence of MUCL tears.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide evidence-based guidance on the docking technique for medial ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction.
To detail surgical steps, anatomical considerations, and technical pearls for this complex procedure.

Main Methods:

Review of accumulated knowledge and institutional experience over 20 years.
Detailed description of relevant anatomy, surgical approach, nerve protection, tunnel creation, graft passage, and fixation.
Inclusion of technical pearls, complication management, and postoperative rehabilitation protocols.

Main Results:

The docking technique, involving graft hubbing in a humeral socket and fixation over a bone bridge, is a cornerstone of MUCL reconstruction.
This technique allows for precise graft tensioning, improving upon previous methods.
Guidance covers graft selection, avoiding tunnel coalescence, internal bracing, and managing anatomical variants.

Conclusions:

The docking technique is a vital tool for upper-extremity surgeons performing MUCL reconstruction.
This comprehensive overview serves as a guide for trainees and a reference for experienced surgeons.
The presented information aims to enhance the understanding and application of this surgical procedure.